Kamis, 14 April 2011
KUMPULAN MODUL BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS 3 SMA
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TENSES
PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan fakta (facts), kebenaran umum (general truth) dan kebiasaan (habitual actions).
1. Kalimat Nominal (Kalimat yang tidak mengandung kata kerja)
(+) S + to be (am/is/are) + N /Adj / adv
(--) S + to be + NOT + N / Adj / Adv
(?) To be + S + N / Adj / Adv
Contoh:
1. the earth is round
2. These buildings are not across my house.
3. Are you ok?
4. syamsul is very rich person
2. Kalimat Verbal (Kalimat yang mengandung kata kerja)
(+) S + V1 s/es + ….
(--) S + do/does + NOT + V1 + ….
(?) Do/does + S + V1 + ...
Contoh:
1. the sun rises in the east
2. The children don’t go to school everyday.
3. Water boils at 100°.
4. Why does iron rust?
NOTES:
· Simple present tense tidak benar-benar menggambarkan present actions, melainkan suatu yang permanen atau habitual.
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries to be/ do/does
· Adverb of frequency seperti usually, seldom, dsb., umumnya muncul sesudah Auxiliaries (Ataupun) namun sebelum V1 s/es.
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: seldom, usually, always, never, often, etimes, rarely, every ,.., once/ twice/ ... a day/ in a week / a month / a year ..., etc.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang( At the time/ around of speaking)
(+) S + to be (am/is/are) + V1 + ing + ….
(--) S + to be + NOT + V1 + ing + ….
(?) To be + S + V1 + ing + ...
Contoh:
1. My father is sleeping now
2. You are not studying English, but you are studying Math.
3. What are you doing? Are you writing a letter?.
NOTES:
· Present Continuous Tense benar-benar menggambarkan present actions, walaupun terkadang bias juga untuk future meaning .
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “to be”
· Beberapa kata kerja tertentu tidak bias menggunakan bentuk continuous. Biasanya kata kerja yang bersifat tetap ( Stative Verbs) dan kata kerja mental (Mental Verbs), misalnya see, hear, like, hate, love, dislike, believe, own, have (mempunyai), think, know, smell, consider, understand, appear, seem, look, want, remember, forget, belong, prefer, etc.
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: now, right now, today, at the moment, at the present, etc
· Kalimat imperative ( Be Quiet!, Don’t make so much noise!, Look! Etc) biasanya diikuti dengan Present Continuous Tense.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang baru saja selesai namun masih ada akibat atau hubungan dengan masa sekarang. Yang dientingkan adalah action bukan waktu dimulainya.
(+) S + Have/has + V3/been + ….
(--) S + Have/has + NOT + V3/been + …. FOR/SINCE…..
(?) Have/has + S + V3/been + ….
Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni has just already eaten.
2. My father and my mother have gone to Mecca since two days ago.
3. Why has Aminah decided to study at Unila? Has she consulted with her parents?
FOR( selama) + Duration of time/period of time
Contoh:
For two days, for two weeks, for a week, for three monts, etc.
SINCE ( sejak) + particular time in the past
Contoh:
Since yesterday, since two days ago, since last year, etc.
NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “ have/has”
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: for…,since…, just, already, yet, recently, lately, so far, up to now, up to present, etc
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah dimulai pada masa lampau namun masih berlangsung sampai dengan sekarang. Dalam beberapa hal antara Present Perfect dan Present Perfect Continuous sama/ tidak berbeda artinya( biasanya pada kata kerja: work, live, study( sekolah). Sebaiknya kita menggunakan Present Perfect Continuous kalau yang kita inginkan adalah menekankan pada berlangsungnya /durasi peristiwa.
(+) S + Have/has + been + Ving….
(--) S + Have/has + NOT + been + Ving... FOR…..
(?) Have/has + S + been + Ving….
Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni has been working in this company for three years. = Mr. Is9ni has worked….
2. We have been living in Pringsewu since 1999 = We have lived…..
NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “ have/has”
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: for…,since…, just, already, yet, recently, lately, so far, up to now, up to present, etc
PAST TENSES
1. Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau ( past)
Kalimat Nominal (Kalimat yang tidak mengandung kata kerja)
(+) S + to be (was/were) + N /Adj / adv
(--) S + to be (was/were) + NOT + N / Adj / Adv
(?) To be (was/were) + S + N / Adj / Adv
Contoh:
1. He was a teacher.( He is not a teacher anymore)
2. They weren’t in the same class.
3. Was your father at home yesterday?
Kalimat Verbal (Kalimat yang mengandung kata kerja)
(+) S + V2 + ….
(--) S + did + NOT + V1 + ….
(?) Did + S + V1 + ….
Contoh:
1. Mrs. Nur taught me English last week.
2. The children didn’t go to school yesterday.
3. What did you do? Did you enjoy your dinner last night?
NOTES:
· Untuk menunjukkan habit pada masa lampau kita juga bisa menggunakan : When I was….I usually/ I often V2 …= I used to V1…..
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries to be ( was/were) / did
· Perbedaan antara Present Perfect dengan Past simple adalah penekanannya. Simple Past menekankan waktu terjadinya (dimulai dan selesai pada waktu lampau) sedangkan Present Perfect Tense lebih menekankan pada Action
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: yesterday, last…, …ago, once upon time, etc.
2. Past Continuous Tense
Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:
A. Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau (specific past time)
(+) S + was/were + V1 + ing + ….
(--) S + was/were + NOT + V1 + ing + ….
(?) was/were + S + V1 + ing + ….
Contoh:
1. My father was sleeping at 8.15 p.m last night
2. You were not studying English at 7.00 yesterday, but you were studying English then.
3. What were you doing? were you writing a letter?.
B. Dua buah kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan pada masa lampau ( untuk menghubungkan dua buah kejadian tersebut kita menggunakan penghubung “When/While”
Past Continuous + WHEN + Simple Past
Simple Past + WHILE + Past Continuous
Simple Past + WHEN + Past Continuous
Contoh:
1. I was studying English when you came to my house
2. My father came while Rina was eating
3. I fell down when I was walking
NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “to be” was/were
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: Yesterday at 10.00, at that time last night, then( past).
3. Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah selesai sebelum kejadian lain di masa lampau terjadi. (Kejadian yang sudah selesai duluan berbentuk Past Perfect Tense, dan kejadian yang selanjutnya berbentuk Simple Past).
(+) S + Had + V3/been + ….
(--) S + Had + NOT + V3/been + …. FOR/SINCE…..
(?) Had + S + V3/been + …
Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni had just already eaten before you came
2. My father and my mother went to hometown after they had been called by my grandma.
NOTES:
Simple Past + After + Past Perfect
Because
Past Perfect + Before + Simple Past
When
4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah dimulai pada masa lampau namun masih berlangsung sampai dengan kejadian lain di masa lampau. Sebaiknya kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous—bukan past perfect-- kalau yang kita inginkan adalah menekankan pada berlangsungnya /durasi peristiwa.
(+) S + Had + been + Ving….
(--) S + Had + NOT + been + Ving... FOR…..
(?) Had + S + been + VING ....
Contoh:
Mr. Is9ni had been working in this company for three years WHEN Andi joined in this company.
FUTURE TENSES
1. Present Future Tense
Present Future Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan yang akan berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.
(+) S + Will/shall V1/be + ….
(--) S + will/shall + NOT + V1/be + …
(?) Will/shall + S + V1/be + ….
Contoh:
1. I will go to school tomorrow morning.
2. Roni will not go to Bali next month
3. Why won’t you go to school tomorrow?
NOTES:
· Sebaiknya Kita menggunakan TO Be going to V1( Present Continuous Tense) untuk sebuah kejadian yang sudah kita rencanakan dari awal
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “will/shall”
· Will umum untuk semua subjek, sedangkan shall untuk subjek “ I and We”
· Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: tomorrow, next…., soon, later, tonight, the day after tomorrow
2. Present Future Continuous Tense
Present Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.
(+) S + Will/shall + be + V1 + ing + ….
(--) S + Will/shall + NOT + be + V1 + ing + ….
(?) Will/shall + S + be + V1 + ing + ….
Contoh:
1. My father will not be teaching English tomorrow at six
2. You will be studying English at that time nexweek
NOTE:
Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: tomorrow at 10.00, this time next week, then (future)
3. Present Future Perfect Tense
Present Future Perfect Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah dimulai pada masa lampau, sekarang masih berlangsung dan belum selesai dan akan selesai di waktu tertentu yang akan datang. (Unfinished Actions)
(+) S + Will Have + V3/been + ….
(--) S + Will Have + NOT + V3/been + …. By The time…..
(?) Will + S + Have + V3/been + ….
Contoh:
1. Mr. Dhany will have gone by the time tomorrow
2. My father will have studied before Rina comes to my house
NOTES:
Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: when, by the time, by the end, by, as soon as, until…+ future time (present simple)
4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah mulai berlangsung sebelum waktu tertentu atau kejadian lain di waktu yang akan datang dan akan masih berlangsung pada saat tersebut.
(+) S + Will Have + been + Ving….
(--) S + Will Have + NOT + been + Ving... FOR…..
(?) Will + S + Have + been + Ving….
Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni will have been working in this company for three years by the time you join in this company
NOTES:
Time marker yang biasa digunakan ialah: when, by the time, by the end, by, as soon as, until…+ future time (present simple)
PROSET
01. By the end of this week I…from Malaysia.
A. Am back
B. Have been back
C. Would be back
D. May be back
E. Will have been back
02. I know that one of my students…in your company since he graduated.
A. work
B. working
C. to work
D. has been working
E. have worked
03. Hadi looks very tired; he…for hours now.
A. drove
B. had driven
C. was driving
D. had been driving
E. has been driving
04. I hope that by the time my father retires, I …a job.
A. get
B. am getting
C. have got
D. got
E. will have got
04. I have written three letters. It means…
A. I am still writing now
B. I am not writing anymore
C. I haven’t finished writing yet
D. I hope to finish this morning
E. I have to write now
05. Iwan, the national tennis champion, ….tennis since he was nine.
A. played
B. has been playing
C. plays
D. is playing
E. had played
06. Heru had a lot of work to do. He finished his work five minutes ago. He cried: "I am free now, because I ... all my work."
A. finished
B. have finished
C. will finish
D. will have finished
E. am finishing
07. Tara ... a letter in his room when his mother came in.
A. wrote
B. has written
C. writes
D. was writing
E. is writing
08. Arina ...... to Yogya last year. It was her first visit there.
A. has gone
B. has been gone
C. went
D. was going
E. had gone
09. “Have the boys had their breakfast?”
“Not yet, they…
A. have taken a bath
B. are still taking a bath
C. will take a bath
D. were taking a bath
E. would still take a bath
10. They ... the matter by twelve o'clock tomorrow.
A. discuss
B. will discuss
C. will have discussed
D. have discussed
E. will be discussing
11. Every night the watchman turns on all the lights and …around the building every half an hour.
A. walks
B. is walking
C. to be walking
D. walking
E. to walk
12. “How long has been the principle of our school?”
“Since I …this school”
A. was entering
B. have entered
C. would enter
D. entered
E. had been entering
13. Raihan ...... the nasyid very well in his friend’s wedding party last week.
A. was singing
B. is singing
C. has sung
D. had sung
E. sang
14. The students ..... the topic in the big hall for one hour when the teacher came.
A. were discussing
B. discussed
C. have discussed
D. had been discussing
E. discuss
15. By nine o'clock tonight I… ready to go to Jakarta.
A. have been
B. will have been-.
C. will be
D. am
E. was
16. At this moment she ... her dress.
A. will sew
B. sew
C. is sewing
D. sewed
E. sews
17. Good students always ...... rules.
a. will obey
b. have obeyed
c. obeys
d. obey
e. are obeying
18. She ... in Jakarta this time tomorrow.
A. will be arriving
B. will have arrive
C. will have been arriving
D. will arrive
E. have been arriving
19. The bus came after I …for about twenty minutes.
A. have been waiting
B. have waited
C. am waiting
D. had been waiting
E. was waiting
20. When I came in, the dog… under the table.
A. was sleeping
B. have been sleeping
C. is sleeping
D. sleeping
E. will be sleeping
21. Every year She….my holiday in Bali
A. is spending
B. spend
C. spends
D. will spend
E. spent
22. Keep quiet, we…to music.
A. listen
B. am listening
C. listened
D. will listen
E. have listened
23. I….outside the restaurant this time next Wednesday.
A. am waiting
B. will wait
C. will be waiting
D. will been waited
E. wait
14. A guest wants to see you. He ...... for more than two hours
A. waited
B. has been waiting
C. waiting
D. wait
E. have to wait
25. “oh dear. I forget to bring my dictionary.”
“That’s all right. I …you mine.
A. am lending
B. am going to lend
C. will lend
D. lend
E. will be lending
A.
FLASH LIGHT
MODAL FERFECT
Modal perfect biasanya dipakai untuk mengungkapkan kejadian pada masa lampau. Modal perfect dipakai dalam kondisi yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan bentuk modal awalnya apakah menggunakan modal: Can/could (ability), may/might (possibility), dll.
B.
SUMMARY
MODALS
1. Modal Present (M1): Can, may, shall, will, dll.
2. Modal Past (M2): could, might, should, would, dll
3. Modal Perfect (M3): could have V3, might/may have V3, should have V3, and would have V3.
MODAL PERFECT
a. MUST HAVE V3
Kita menggunakan modal perfect Must Have V3 untuk menggungkapkan kesimpulan akan kejadian yang telah terjadi di masa lampau. Sebuah kesimpulan berarti kita yakin 95% bahwa sesuatu itu PASTI…
Examples:
‘When we came home, we found the door of my house was open and broken’
‘Oh, there must have been thieves stealing in your house’
b. MIGHT HAVE V3
Kita menggunakan modal perfect Might Have V3 untuk mengungkapkan kemungkinan akan sebuah kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau. Kemungkinan di sini berarti masih fifty-fifty bahwa seseuatu itu MUNGKIN…
ontoh:
Examples:
‘I called him several times yesterday but there was no answer’
‘He might have been out of town.’
c. SHOULD /OUGHT TO HAVE V3
Kita menggunakan modal perfect perfect Should Have V3 untuk mengungkapkan sebuah saran yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh seseorang di masa lampau namun saran tersebut pasti tidak dilakukan. Modal perfect jenis ini lebih cendrung pada sebuah penyesalan. Kita mengungkapkan dalam bahasa Indonesia SEHARUSNYA….namun…
Examples:
‘Does Anto know that Myrna had an accident yesterday?’
‘I don’t think so. We should have told him.’
d. COULD HAVE V3
Kita menggunakan modal perfect Could Have V3 untuk mengungkapkan kemampuan seseorang melakukan sesuatu di masa lampau, namun tidak dilakukan. Bisa kita analogikan dengan Dapat….namun….
Examples:
Rita didn’t come to my party. Actually, he could have come to my party.
PROBLEM SET
01. I could not find the museum you told me about.
I …..the wrong bus.
(A) must have taken (C) ought to take
(B) would have taken (E) should take
(C) should have taken
02. I did not know there was a test yesterday. You…me about it.
(A) would have told (D) must have
(B) could tell (E).should have told
(C) should tell
03. ‘I am sorry, I was not able to finish typing your paper.’
‘Well, it was my fault, I…you with so much work
(A) might not have burdened
(B) had not burdened
(C) should not have burdened
(D) would not burden
(E) could not have burdened
04. ‘Was John accepted at Astra?’
‘ He might have been. I haven’t seen him around for some time.’ The underlined words mean that he…
(A) refuses to work for Astra
(B) is not working for Astra
(C) is still unemployed
(D) was certainly accepted
(E) was probably accepted
05. ‘I have heard that Alex was fined $100 for littering when he was in Singapore.’
‘Really? He …that there is law against littering in public places.
(A) might have known
(B) should not have known
(C) could have known
(D) ought to have known
(E) must not have known
06. ‘I can’t find my handphone in my bag!’
‘ Well, you…in the car. Let’s take a look!’
(A) may have to leave it
(B) may have left it
(C) had to leave it
(D) should have left
(E) must leave it
07. ‘I finally bought a computer but I’m not satisfied with it.’
‘That’s too bad. You…Darno, our computer technician, for advice.’
(A) should have asked
(B) may have asked
(C) ought to ask
(D) must have asked
(E) would ask
08. ‘When I arrived at this office at 3.00, Indra was not there.’
‘Well, he….early.’
(A) should go home
(B) must have gone home
(C) might go home
(D) would have gone home
(E) had better go home
09. ‘I’ve lost a lot of money by investing it in your friend’s business.’
‘I am sorry, you…about his business.’
(A) had better consult me
(B) should have consulted me
(C) would rather consult me
(D) must have consulted me
(E) ought to consult me
10. ‘It was a long and tiring flight from London.’
‘Well, let me show you to your room then; you…by now.
(A) can be exhausted
(B) must be exhausted
(C) would be exhausted
(D) could have been exhausted
(E) might have been exhausted
11. ‘This is the last flight from Jakarta, but I don’t see my daughter among the passengers.’
‘She ….the flight.’
(A) must miss
(B) must have missed
(C) should miss
(D) should have missed
(E) ought to have missed
12. 'I am tired of watching that movie; there is too much violence.’
‘I agree; ….the channel?
(A) I should change
(B) Would we rather change
(C) I must change
(D) Shall I change
(E) Had I better change
13. 'I remember when we were children, Robert…with a big smile that one day he would be famous.’
(A) had to stay
(B) would rather have said
(C) might have said
(D) used to stay
(E) ought to have said
14. ‘There’s a letter stating that Ina has to leave for the U.S. next week.’
‘Well, she…the news right away then.’
(A) should tell
(B) should have told
(C) should be telling
(D) should be told
(E) should be telling it
15. 'I tried to call Tina on her mobile phone yesterday, but I only got her mailbox.’
‘ She….to bring her phone, she often does that.’
(A) had to forget
(B) should have forgotten
(C) must forget
(D) must have forgotten
(E) ought to forget
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Adjective Clause/Relative
Adjective Clause/Relative clause adalah anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai adjective (penjelas kata benda) baik sebagai penjelas orang ataupun benda. Pada intinya adjective clause merupakan satu penggabungan dari dua buah kalimat (klausa) dengan menggunakan kata penghubung “yang”.
B.
SUMMARY
RELATIVE PRONOUN
Untuk menggabungkan 2 buah kalimat, kita harus menggunakan relative pronoun (yang) antara lain:
1. WHO
We use who to substitute a subject (he/she/they/we, etc), when the subject refers to a person/people.
Pay close attention to the following illustration:
· The people were mostly young soldiers
· They were killed during the war.
The people—they were killed during the war—were mostly young soldiers.
The people who were killed during the war were mostly young soldiers.
· Ahong loves the woman.
· She is working at the Language Center of Lampung Province.
Ahong loves the woman—she is working at the Language Center of Lampung Province.
Ahong loves the woman who is working at the Language Center of Lampung Province.
2. WHOM
We use whom to substitute an object (him, her, them, etc) when the object refers to a person/people.
Pay close attention to the following illustration:
· The people are angry
· I don’t like them
The people—I don’t like them—are angry.
The people whom I don’t like are angry.
· Ahong wants to meet the woman.
· Rendy loves her so much
Ahong wants to meet the woman—Rendy loves her so much.
Ahong wants to meet the woman whom Rendy loves so much.
Object of Prepositions
· The man is angry
· The woman is talking to him
The man—the woman is talking to him—is angry.
The man to whom the woman is talking is angry or The man whom the woman is talking to is angry.
· Mr. Dhany has two brothers.
· All of them are married.
Mr. Dhany has two brothers—all of them are married.
Mr. Dhany has two brothers all of whom are married.
3. WHOSE
Kita menggunakannya untuk menggantikan kepunyaan (possessive) yang biasanya mengacu pada orang. Bisa juga untuk benda walau agak jarang penggunaanya.
· Nurul is in the hospital
· Her health is bad
Nurul—her health is bad—is in the hospital.
Nurul whose health is bad is in the hospital.
· She is looking for a boy
· You always borrow his motorcycle
She is looking for a boy—his motorcycle—you always borrow.
She is looking for a boy whose motorcycle you always borrow.
4. WHICH
Kita menggunakan which untuk menggantikan benda sebagai subject ataupun object.
· I saw a dog
· It was beaten by Tono
I saw a dog—it was beaten by Tono.
I saw a dog which was beaten by Tono
· The book is best seller
· Everybody is talking about it
The book—every body is talking about it—is best seller
The book about which everybody is talking is best seller or The book which everybody is talking about is bestseller.
· My books are put on the shelves
· Most of them are about child education
My books—most of them are about child education—are put on the shelves.
My books most of which are about child education are put on the shelves.
5. THAT
Kita menggunakan that untuk menggantikan who/whom (orang) and which (benda) namun dalam situasi tertentu tidak dapat saling menggantikan.
· The people –who were killed in the war—were mostly young soldiers.
· The people that were killed in the war were mostly young soldiers.
Tapi tidak bias berlaku untuk:
· The man to whom I say is handsome.(benar)
Bukan
· The man to that I say is handsome. (salah)
RINGKASAN!!!!
Who/That V/P
1. ORANG Whom/That S
Whose N
Which/That V/P
2. BENDA Which/That S
Of which N
Where S
3. TEMPAT in/at/on Which S
When S
4. WAKTU in/at/on which S
5. ALASAN Why S
6. S + Prep + whom (orang) = S + whom + Prep
S + Prep + which (benda) = S + which + Prep
5. ALASAN Why S
6. S + Prep + whom (orang) = S + whom + Prep
S + Prep + which (benda) = S + which + Prep
PROBLEM SET
01. The student got the highest scores
The teachers like him.
The above sentences can be joined as follows:
The student….got the highest scores.
(A) whom the teachers like
(B) which the teachers like
(C) he is liked by the teachers
(D) is liked by the teachers
(E) the teachers like him
02. The book….is only available in the library.
(A) from which these two chapters are taken
(B) these two chapters are taken from them
(C) where these two chapters are taken
(D) it was from them the two chapters are taken
(E) the two chapters are taken
03. The lady….this letter is addressed has moved to another city.
(A) who
(B) to which
(C) whom
(D) which
(E) to whom
04. This is the man….
(A) which I told you
(B) whom I told you about
(C) I told you
(D) that I told you
(E) about which I told you
05. Tom’s father….health hasn’t been so good lately is in hospital now.
(A) who is
(B) whose
(C) his
(D) of whom
(E) of which
06. Did I tell you about the girl…I met during the demonstration last week?
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) of which
(E) with whom
07. The novels in book stores…are true love stories are best seller.
(A) which of most
(B) most of which
(C) of which
(D) in which
(E) that most
08. ‘Whom did you invite to this meeting?’
‘The managers…reports you read this morning’
(A) whom
(B) of whom
(C) which
(D) of which
(E) whose
09. Teenager delinquency,….people are now complaining, has become a popular topic discussed among psychologists.
(A) whom that
(B) which
(C) in which
(D) about which
(E) whom
10. The students are collecting money, food and clothes for the people…houses were destroyed in the fire last week.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) that
(E) whose
11. ‘I visited the University of Lampung last year.’ That is the place….my brother is studying now.
(A) which
(B) when
(C) whose
(D) whom
(E) where
12. Yanto was a young writer…novel won the first prize.
(A) when
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) which
(E) who
13. Students…will be awarded scholarship
(A) who pass with excellent grades
(B) they pass with excellent grades
(C) they who pass with excellent grades
(D) pass with excellent grades
(E) to pass with excellent grades
14. Sydney,….is more than three million, is Australia’s largest city.
(A) whom the population
(B) that the population
(C) whether the population
(D) the population of it
(E) the population of which
15. Is everybody graduating from SMA 1 invited to the party?’
‘Well, the party is exclusively for those…’
(A) they graduated in 1990
(B) were 1990 graduates
(C) to whom are 1990 graduates
(D) who graduated in 1990
(E) the 1990 graduation
16. The scholarship will be given to the students…
(A) which passed the selection test
(B) whose selection test passed
(C) they passed the selection test
(D) who have passed the selection test
(E) have passed the selection test
17. A friend of mine….father is the manager helped me to get the job.
(A) whose
(B) which
(C) that
(D) whom
(E) who
18. The businessman…we met is the general manager of this company.
(A) whom
(B) whoever
(C) who
(D) with whom
(E) which
19. This is the book…I got the data for my composition.
(A) that
(B) in which
(C) which
(D) from which
(E) the place
20. I met the girl….is in our class.
(A) the brother of hers
(B) her brother
(C) who’s brother
(D) hers brother
(E) whose brother
21. ‘Who called you last night?’
‘The man ....’
(A) which I borrowed the book from
(B) from which I borrowed the book
(C) I borrowed the book from him
(D) from whom I borrowed the book
(E) his book I borrowed
21. Do you have a box….
(A) that I can put my letters
(B) where can I put my letters
(C) in which I can put my letters
(D) A and C are right answers
(E) No correct answer
22. My sisters and my brother put their money in the bank…I work.
(A) whom
(B) what
(C) where
(D) which
(E) who
23. His father…has been to Paris, has just returned
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) where
(E) whose
24. I have lost a piece of paper….
(A) I wrote your name on it
(B) your name I wrote on it
(C) on it I wrote your name
(D) on which I wrote your name
(E) that I wrote your name on it.
A.
FLASHLIGHT
GERUND adalah bentuk kata kerja pertama + ing (V1 + ing) yang berfungsi sebagai kata benda. Oleh karena itu semua kedudukan atau fungsi kata benda (noun) bisa kita gantikan dengan gerund (V ing). Selain itu kapan dan dimana kata benda itu muncul boleh dan dapat juga kita gantikan dengan gerund (V ing). Di sisi lain INFINITIVE disebut juga bentuk kata kerja pertama (V1) atau kata kerja dasar. INFINITIVE dapat kita kelompokkan menjadi dua yaitu infinitive with to/to infinitive (TO V1) dan infinitive without to/bare infinitive/ simple Verb (V1)
B.
SUMMARY
GERUND (V-ING)
Fungsi kata benda/Gerund:
a. Sebagai subjek
Examples:
Biasa : Mr. Is9ni makes me happy
S V O
Gerund : Swimming makes me happy, bukan Swim makes me happy
S V O
Dari contoh di atas, subjek kata benda (Mr. Is9ni), dapat kita gantikan dengan kata kerja “swim” dengan cara menambahkan –ing pada kata kerja tersebut, menjadi “swimming” karena kata kerja tersebut berfungsi sebagai subjek.
b. Sebagai objek transitif
Examples:
Biasa : Reni likes ice cream
S V O
Gerund : Reni likes going to school bukan Reni likes go to school
S V O
Dari contoh di atas, objek kata benda (ice cream), dapat kita gantikan dengan kata kerja “go to school” dengan cara menambahkan –ing pada kata kerja tersebut, menjadi “going to school” karena kata kerja tersebut berfungsi sbg objek kalimat.
c. Sebagai objek preposisi/setelah kata depan (in, at, on, by, with, without, of, off, before, after, for, about, from, to, up, etc.)
Example :
Biasa : I am interested in English.
N
Gerund : I am interested in singing “Tombo Ati”.
G
Biasa : Mr. Dhany is afraid of dog.
N
Gerund : Mr. Dhany is afraid of leaving this country.
G
d. Setelah Possessive Adjective (my, your, his, her, their, our, etc)
Examples:
Biasa : Her book is wonderful
N
Gerund : Her wearing clothes is wonderful
G
e. Setelah kata-kata kerja tertentu:
admit, appreciate, consider, enjoy, mind, avoid, recall, finish, miss, regret, delay, quit, postpone, deny, can’t help, risk, suggest, practice, advice, recent, resist, imagine, keep, anticipate, recommend, tolerate, etc.
Examples:
She kept running until the end
He enjoys writing in Kompas
f. Setelah ungkapan-ungkapan tertentu:
It’s no use, it’s worth, it’s busy, can’t help/can’t stand/can’t bear, have difficulty, feel like, etc.
Examples:
It’s no use studying without practicing.
Iwan can’t help living alone without his family.
TO INFINITIVE ( TO V1 )
a. Untuk mengungkapkan tujuan (Purpose). Tujuan disini artinya menjawab pertanyaan ”untuk apa kita melakukan sesuatu /Why or What for?”.
Examples:
Mr. Is9ni goes to school to study English (Why does Mr. Is9ni go to school?)
Mrs. Yumira went to post office to buy some stamps. (Why did Mrs. Yumira go to post office?)
b. Sesudah kata sifat (adjectives) : anxious, boring, dangerous, hard, eager, easy, good, strange, pleased, ready, difficult, etc.
Examples:
It’s easy to lift this box.
It’s ready to serve.
He was very anxious to hear the result.
c. Sesudah ungkapan TOO and ENOUGH
Examples :
This box is easy enough to lift.
This car is too small to carry eight people.
d. Sesudah kata-kata kerja tertentu:
agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, order, promise, refuse, seem, tend, try, wait, want, etc.
Examples:
Dea agreed to accompany me to go to Farah’s party.
I expect to begin studying English Literature next month.
Rini didn’ t want to go.
BARE INFINITIVE ( V1)
Kita menggunakan V1 untuk:
a. Setelah MODAL ( will, would, may, might, shall, should, can, could, etc)
Examples:
Mr. Dhany will study English tomorrow.
Mr. Is9ni can speak four languages.
b. Setelah kata kerja Let dan Make
Examples:
My teacher let me go home because I was sick.
Rendy has made his wife cry.
Akan tetapi berbeda dengan:
This pen is made to write (dalam hal pasif, biasanya kita menggunakan TO V1 karena mengungkapkan tujuan)
c. Setelah kata-kata kerja persepsi (verbs of perception) misal: see, hear, listen, watch, observe, notice, feel, etc
Examples:
I saw Tina cross the street.
Tia always helps her mother prepare meals for breakfast
CATATAN: Khusus kata kerja persepsi di atas bisa diikuti oleh V ing atau V1, namun maknanya berbeda.
He saw my mother crossing the street. (= My mother was crossing the street and He saw her.)
He saw my mother cross the street. (= My mother crossed the street and He saw her.)
TO V1 or V ing
a. TO V1 = V ing
Kata kerja berikut bias di ikuti V ing atau To Vi dan artinya sama atau tidak berbeda: begin, like, love, prefer, start, regret, hate.
Examples:
He started to study after midnight= He started studying after midnight
b. TO V1 ? V ing
Kata kerja berikut bisa diikuti V ing atau TO Vi namun maknanya berbeda: forget, remember, stop.
Examples:
He stopped to smoke ( = He stopped doing something to smoke)
He stopped smoking (= He used to smoke, but he didn’t do it anymore)
TO V ing
To + V ing digunakan dalam ungkapan-ungkapan tertentu. ” To” di sini adalah “to” sebagai preposisi, sehingga itulah sebabnya mengapa “to” bertemu V ing. Ungkapan-ungkapan tersebut antara lain:
be/get/ become + used to,
be/get/become + accustomed to,
look forward to,
confess to,
object to,
advance to,
be opposed to,
adjust to.
Examples:
The students of Al Qolam are used to studying (= Sampai sekarang terbiasa belajar)
Akan tetapi: The students of Al Qolam used to study (= Dulu biasa belajar, sekarang tidak lagi)
Ninawati is looking forward to meeting the director.
PROBLEM SET
01. I am looking forward to ….you next week
(A) seeing
(B) see
(C) will see
(D) be seeing
(E) be seen
02. I am now …tea without sugar.
(A) accustomed to drink
(B) accustomed to drinking
(C) have the accustomed to drink
(D) accustomed in drinking
(E) the accustomed drinking.
03. All new students at this university are required…an English proficiency test.
(A) taking
(B) having to take
(C) take
(D) to take
(E) will take
04. ‘Why do you have to stay at home tomorrow?’
‘…. my little brother!'
(A) takes care of
(B) taking care of
(C) to take care of
(D) for taking care of
(E) I will take care of
05. ‘What do you need my calculator for?’
'…. this math problem.'
(A) In solving
(B) My solving
(C) solved
(D) to solve
(E) I solve
06. My friend is considering…school before finishing it because of financial reason.
(A) left
(B) to leave
(C) leaves
(D) leave
(E) leaving
07. Little children are usually afraid of…by their mother.'
(A) left
(B) to leave
(C) being left
(D) leaving
(E) been left
08. 'Mr. Is9ni declined the offer of….to Singapore as a representative of our company.
(A) being transferred
(B) is transferred
(C) transferred
(D) to transfer
(E) be transferred
09. It is impossible for us…. the whole book within 2 weeks.
(A) translate
(B) to translate
(C) translating
(D) being translated
(E) translates
10. 'Did you thank Johan for the dictionary he bought for you?’
‘Yes I did. I really appreciate….it for me.'
(A) to buy
(B) buys
(C) buying it
(D) to have bought
(E) his buying
11. This house needs….
(A) repair
(B) repairing
(C) to be repaired
(D) repaired
(E) B and C are correct
12. Despite criticisms from political opponents, the new president continues his…abroad.
(A) travel
(B) to travel
(C) traveling
(D) be traveling
(E) to be traveled
13. 'Why are you taking the car to the garage?'
‘…..’
(A) I will check the brakes myself
(B) The brakes will checked
(C) having checked the brakes
(D) To have the brakes checked
(E) The brakes will have been checked
14. …..the broken car is very time consuming if you don’t know about the car.
(A) Checking
(B) Checked
(C) To checked
(D) Check
(E) Checks
15. The reason why I am here is…you fill in the forms for the scholarship.
(A) help
(B) to help
(C) helping
(D) I will help
(E) I am helping
16. ‘What did Rudy finally decide?’
‘….his master’s degree in Japan.’
(A) He can take
(B) His taking
(C) taking
(D) be taking
(E) to take
17. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife….
(A) cry
(B) to be crying
(C) cried
(D) to cry
(E) crying
18. I don’t mean…your feeling.
(A) hurt
(B) to hurt
(C) hurting
(D) being hurt
(E) I will hurt
19. Could you…an eye on my boy friend while I go abroad?
(A) keep
(B) to keep
(C) be kept
(D) kept
(E) keeping
20. ‘This English text on Biology is too difficult to read.'
'Well, you'd better….'
(A) translating it
(B) translated it
(C) to translate it
(D) translate it
(E) to be translated it
21. Would you mind….with me to the cinema?
(A) go
(B) goes
(C) going
(D) went
(E) gone
22. When I walked around my house, I saw someone…on the gate.
(A) stood
(B) stands
(C) to stand
(D) standing
(E) was standing
23. Mother wants me….with her.
(A) going
(B) go
(C) gone
(D) to go
(E) will go
24. The thief denied…jewelry although the police force him to admit it.
(A) steal
(B) stealing
(C) to steal
(D) in stealing
(E) stolen
25. When did you…English.
(A) begin learned
(B) begin to learning
(C) begin to learn
(D) begin learn
(E) beginning learning
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Present Participle ( V ing) adalah bentuk kata kerja pertama ditambahkan –ing (V1 + ing) yang bisa berfungsi sebagai adjective/adverb. Sebagai adjectives/kata sifat berarti sebagai penjelas kata benda. Sedangkan berfungsi sebagai adverb maka present participle berperan sebagai penjelas kalimat.
Past participle (V3)adalah bentuk kata kerja ketiga (V3) yang juga berfungsi sebagai adjective dan adverb—sama halnya dengan Present Participle.
B.
SUMMARY
PRESENT PARTICIPLE (V ing ) untuk kalimat aktif, sehingga disebut juga Active Participle.
a. Reduced Adjective Clause (Penyingkatan pada Adjective Clause)
Noun V ing …. = Noun who/which V1 s/es
= Noun who/which V2
= Noun who/which to be + V ing
Examples:
1. The man standing under the tree are looking at me = The man who is standing…..
2. I know the man stealing my money yesterday = ….The man who stole …
3. The water consisting of Hydrogen and Oxygen is very important = The water which consists….
b. Reduced Specific Adverbial Clause (Penyingkatan pada Adverbial Clause tertentu)
Penyingkatan di sini dapat terjadi hanya dengan syarat bahwa Subjek pada adverbial clause = Subjek pada main clause
V ing…, S1 V = When/While S1 V…, S1 V
= Because/since/as/for S1 V…, S1 V
Examples:
While Rina was waiting for the bus, Rina read newspaper
(= waiting for the bus, Rina read newspaper)
Because I love you so much, I give everything you want.
(= Loving you so much, I give everything you want)
Because Mr. Is9ni is clever, He has many fans in this class.
(= Being clever, Mr. Is9ni has many fans in this class)
Having + V3…., S1 V = After S1 have/has V3, S1 V1s/es
= After S1 had V3, S1 V2
Examples:
After I had eaten, I studied English.
(= Having eaten, I studied English)
After we had come to an agreement, we signed the MoU.
(=Having come to an agreement, we signed the MoU)
After the students had completed the test, they handed in their papers and left the room.
(= Having completed the test, they handed in their papers and left the room.)
PAST PARTICIPLE (V 3) untuk kalimat pasif, sehingga disebut juga Passive Participle.
a. Reduced Adjective Clause (Penyingkatan pada Adjective Clause)
Noun V3 ….= Noun who/which to be V3….
Examples:
1. A truck which was loaded with vegetables hit a tree = A truck loaded….
2. The window which was broken by Edy has not been repaired yet. = The window broken by…
3. I know the man who was caught by the police. = …..the man caught by….
b. Reduced Specific Adverbial Clause (Penyingkatan pada Adverbial Clause tertentu)
Penyingkatan di sini dapat terjadi hanya dengan syarat bahwa Subjek pada adverbial clause = Subjek pada main clause
V3…, S1 V = When/While S1 to be V3…, S1 V
= Because/since/as/for S1 to be V3…, S1 V
Examples:
When she was sent a flower by her boyfriend, Shella felt very excited
(= sent a flower by her boyfriend, Shella felt very excited)
Because Adi was not given much money, he was very disappointed.
( = Not given much money, Adi was very disappointed.)
As it is surrounded by mountains, the city has a cool climate.
( = surrounded by mountains, the city has a cool climate.)
Having + Been V3…., S1 V = After S1 have/has been V3, S1 V1s/es
= After S1 had been V3, S1 V2
Examples:
After I had been told about what happened, I knew that it’s not her mistake.
(= Having been told about what happened, I knew that it’s not her mistake)
He decided to give up fighting after he had been defeated three times in a row.
(= Having been defeated three times in a row, he decided to give up fighting)
PROBLEM SET
01. Consuming a preserved food, Deby becomes fat. The underlined word means…
(A) After Deby had consumed
(B) When Deby consumes
(C) While Deby is consuming
(D) Because Deby consumes
(E) Although Deby consumes
02. This house ... by my grand father long time ago is very antique.
(A) had been built
(B) is built
(C) has been built
(D) will be built
(E) built
03. Having a unique architecture,….
(A) a lot of tourists came to see the temple
(B) the temple attracts a lot of tourists
(C) the government renewed the temple
(D) the tourists admired the temple
(E) the architects were interested in the temple
04. The book ... blue cover is mine
(A) has
(B) to have
(C) having
(D) which has
(E) C and D are right
05. Having been trained for a month,…
(A) the chemical factory hired the employee
(B) there was no employees at the factory
(C) the employees were placed at the chemical factory
(D) no employee was placed at the chemical factory
(E) placing employees at the factory was difficult
06. ....the test successfully, Ady was accepted at the company.
(A) Having done
(B) Having been done
(C) Being done
(D) Done
(E) Do
07. Interested in what the salesman said,….
(A) he offered all the things he had
(B) she bought all the things he offered
(C) all the things he offered were bought
(D) she offered him to buy all the things
(E) he was bought all the things
08. ….near beautiful beach, the town soon becomes a popular tourist resort.
(A) Situation
(B) It is situated
(C) Situating
(D) Situated
(E) Situates
09. ….her mistake, the stewardess immediately apologized to the passenger.
(A) Realized
(B) Realizing
(C) In realizing
(D) She realized
(E) Realizes
10. ….a few million rupiahs, he went on tour to Paris
(A) Saved
(B) Have saved
(C) He has saved
(D) Having saved.
(E) Having been saved
11. Having won the first winner…
(A) the jury gave him a scholarship
(B) his friends congratulated him
(C) he was given a scholarship
(D) his mother was so proud of him
(E) a scholarship was given to him
12. ….by the sudden noise, the baby woke up and cried.
(A) Startled
(B) In startling
(C) It is startling
(D) To be startled
(E) Startling
13. ….that the students were cheating, Mr. Is9ni was very angry
(A) Known
(B) To know
(C) Knew
(D) Although he knew
(E) Knowing
14. ….his explanation, the teacher asked the students questions.
(A) Finished.
(B) He finished.
(C) Finishing.
(D) To be finished.
(E) Having finished.
15. Running down the stairs, Mia slipped and broke her leg. The underlined words means…
(A) While Mia was running.
(B) Mia was running.
(C) As Mia would run.
(D) After she had run.
(E) In order that she could run.
16. Not wanting to take risk of missing the train, we went to the station very early. The underlined words means: …did not want to take a risk of missing the train, we went to the station very early.
(A) Although I
(B) When we
(C) Because we
(D) Because I
(E) After we
17. Having good performance in the previous championship,…
(A) the government gave him reward.
(B) KONI asked him to represent Indonesia in SEAGAMES.
(C) the spectators expected him to take part in SEAGAMES.
(D) the athlete was asked to join in SEAGAMES.
(E) people suggested that he represent Indonesia in SEAGAMES.
18. ….on all stations, the news soon spread to all over Bandarlampung areas
(A) Broadcast
(B) It is broadcasting
(C) Broadcasting
(D) Broadcasts
(E) Broadcasted
19. Walking down the street, I found a wallet. The underlined words means…
(A) If I was walking
(B) When I was walking
(C) When I am walking
(D) Although I was walking
(E) Because I was walking
20. Having finished their exams,….
(A) the books must be returned to the library
(B) the students must return the books to the library
(C) it is required that the students return the books to the library
(D) Tuti must return her books to the library
(E) the library requires the students
Jika Sekali Kita Meminta
Niscaya Sulit Akan Terbiasa Memberi
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Tidak semua IF Clause identik dengan Subjunctive. Subjunctive adalah kalimat pengandaian yang tidak mungkin terjadi lagi, sedangkan pada If clause type 1 masih ada kemungkinan untuk terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Hanya If Clause type 2 dan type 3 yang identik atau sama dengan Subjunctive.
B.
SUMMARY
1. Pola dan Arti IF Clause
Ada tige jenis If Clause yaitu :
TYPE 1
Pola : IF + S + V1s/es (am,is,are) + S + M1 + V1/be
Arti : Masih mungkin terjadi di masa yang akan datang.
Contoh :
If I study hard I will pass the exam.
it means that It’s possible for me to pass the exam.
Kata kunci untuk arti If Clause Type 1 yaitu ada kata-kata yang berarti mungkin (possible, perhaps, maybe, likely, probably, etc.)
TYPE 2
Pola : IF + S + V2 (were) + S + M2 + V1/be
Arti : Tidak mungkin terjadi di masa sekarang
Contoh :
If I studied hard I would pass the exam.
it means that I don’t study hard, so I don’t pass the exam.
Kata kunci untuk arti If Clause Type 2 yaitu cari lawan kata dari pernyataan sebelumya (kalau negative biasanya ada kata-kata Do/does + not + V1 or am/is/are + not atau kalau positif ada V1 s/es or am/is/are.
TYPE 3
Pola : IF + S + had V3 (had been) + S + M2 + have + V3/been
Arti : Tidak mungkin terjadi di masa sekarang
Contoh :
If She had come to my house, She would have met her friend, Rita.
it means that She didn’t come to my house so she didn’t meet Rina.
Kata kunci untuk arti If Clause Type 2 yaitu cari lawan kata dari pernyataan sebelumya (kalau negative biasanya ada kata-kata didn’t + V1 or was/were + not atau kalau positif ada V2 or was/were.
2. Pola dan Arti Subjunctive
Wish (present) + S + V2/were/could V1 + Present time (now, today, etc.)
Present verb + as if/as though + S + V2/were/could V1 + Present time( now, today,etc)
Wished (past) + S + had V3(had been)/could have V3 + Past time( yesterday, last…, …ago, etc.)
Past verb + as if/as though + S + had V3(had been)/could have V3 + Past time( yesterday,last…, …ago, etc.)
If only + S + V2/were/could V1 + Present time( now, today, etc.)
If only + S + had V3(had been)/could have V3 + Past time( yesterday, last…, …ago)
Would rather + S + V2/were/could V1 + Present time( now, today, etc.)
Would rather + S + had V3(had been)/could have V3 + Past time (yesterday, last…, …ago, etc.)
RINGKASAN
If only V2/were + (present time)
Would rather
As if
As though Had V3/had been + ( Past time )
Wish
Fakta dari subjunctive turunkan satu tingkat di bawahnya namun negatifkan, jika kita menggunakan Past Perfect dalam Subjunctive maka faktanya Past simple, dan apabila kita menggunakan Past Simple dalam subjunctive maka faktanya Present Simple. Kata kunci atau cara mencari fakta dari subjunctive sama persis dengan IF Clause Type 2 dan Type 3.
“Would Rather” selain sebagai subjunctive juga bisa kita pakai untuk mengungkapkan preference atau kesukaan, namun ada perbedaan pola penggunaan. Would rather sebagai preference langsung bertemu dengan kata kerja pertama (V1), sedangkan pada subjunctive diikuti dengan subjek .Perhatikan perbedaan contoh berikut:
Subjunctive : He would rather my father were not at home. (ada subject setelah ‘d rather)
Preference : He would rather stay at home than spend his time at discotique. (no subject after would rather
PENTING!!!
a. IF + S + WERE … bisa kita ungkapkan dengan pola inversi yaitu : WERE + S …
Contoh :
If I were here = Were I here.
If She were a dentist = were she a dentist.
IF + S + HAD V3/HAD BEEN … bisa juga kita ungkapkan dengan menggunakan pola inversi yaitu :
HAD + S + V3/BEEN …
Contoh :
If Mary had come … = Had Mary come …
If She had been a doctor, … = Had she been a doctor, …
c. IF … Not ( IF dalam bentuk negative ) sama maknanya dengan UNLESS atau OTHERWISE. Namun struktur berpola positif.
Contoh :
If Mr. Dhany didn’t study well, … = Unless Mr. Dhany studied well, …
PROBLEM SET 6A
.
01. If someone had taken her book, she ... the teacher.
(A) would have told to
(B) would have told
(C) will have told it to
(D) had told it
(E) would tell it to
02. He ... if I had not reminded him.
(A) may forget
(B) might have forgotten
(C) must forget
(D) should forget
(E) may forget
03. "Your drawing was very good."
"I could have done better if I ... more time."
(A) have had
(B) will have had
(C) had
(D) would have
(E) had had
04. "Were the doctor here, he would immediately examine Mary."
This means ....
(A) "Mary cannot be examined because the doctor is not here."
(B) "The doctor is here and examining Mary."
(C) "Mary is being examined because the doctor is here."
(D) "Although the doctor is here, Mary is not examined."
(E) "The doctor is not here, but Mary has been examined."
05. He didn't pass his exam. If he had studied harder, he ....
(A) can pass it
(B) could pass it.
(C) will pass it
(D) can passed it.
(E) could have passed it.
06. If he studies hard, …good mark
(A) he'd get
(B) he gets
(C) he'll get
(D) he'll have got
(E) he'd have got
07. Had I known you did not have any money, I ... you mine.
(A) would lend
(B) did not lend
(C) would have lent
(D) had lent
(E) would not lend
08. "If I had come earlier, I could have met him.
This sentence means ....
(A) I came early so that I could meet him.
(B) I came late, so I could not meet him.
(C) Although I came early, I could not meet him.
(D) I did not come late; nevertheless, I could not meet him.
(E) I came early, therefore I could not meet him.
09. If you do not hurry, the bus ... the stations before you get there.
(A) has left
(B) is leaving
(C) will be leaving
(D) will leave
(E) will have left
10. If it rains, you must ask the children ...
(A) won't play football.
(B) don't play football.
(C) not to play football.
(D) play not football.
(E) not play football.
11. If I had got up early, I should not have come late to school.
It means ....
(A) I did not sleep.
(B) I got up early.
(C) I came to school on time.
(D) I did not get up late.
(E) I got up late.
12. Ani : "If I had studied hard, I have graduated."
Ana : "I think …"
(A) Ani has graduated
(B) Ani did not study hard
(C) Ani and Ana did not study hard
(D) Ana has graduated
(E) Ana did not study hard
13. ….he here now, he would meet me.
(A) were
(B) is
(C) was
(D) had been
(E) if
14. I ... my study if I have good mark in the exams.
(A) continue
(B) continued
(C) will continue
(D) would continue
(E) would have continued
15. Indah : "Will you go to the football match?"
Bunga : "I shall go to the football if it ....”
(A) did not rain heavily.
(B) does not rain heavily.
(C) rained heavily.
(D) raining heavily.
(E) will not rain heavily.
25. Mr.Is9ni ... the new dress if she had enough money.
(A) buy
(B) will buy
(C) bought
(D) would buy
(E) will bought
26. If you did your homework, the teacher ... angry with you.
(A) would
(B) would not be
(C) will
(D) would have been
(E) will be
27. She ... our club if we ask her.
(A) is going to join
(B) would join
(C) will join
(D) is joining
(E) would have joined
28. Unless you returned the book, he…with you.
(A) shall be angry
(B) should have been angry
(C) shall not be angry
(D) should be angry
(E) should not be angry
29. Anton would answer the question if he knew it.
In fact, he ... the answer.
(A) doesn't know
(B) knows
(C) didn't know
(D) knew
(E) has not known
30. "If my father had a car, I would take Andi to Puncak", Didi said.
From the sentence above we can draw a conclusion that ....
(A) Didi took Andi to Puncak.
(B) Didi drives his father's car.
(C) Didi's father doesn't have a car.
(D) Didi went to Puncak with Andi.
(E) Didi and Andi will go to Puncak.
31. If Harry had failed, ... with him?
(A) would his father have been angry
(B) will his father have been angry
(C) would his father be angry
(D) did his father become angry
(E) was his father angry
32. If I ... my driving test, I shall buy a car.
(A) buy
(B) will buy
(C) bought
(D) would buy
(E) had bought
33. If you took an umbrella, you ... wet.
(A) will get
(B) would not get
(C) would get
(D) will not get
(E) would have got
34. If I ... , my father would have been angry with me.
(A) fail
(B) would fail
(C) failed
(D) would have failed
(E) had failed
PROBLEM SET 6B
01. I wish the driver wouldn't drive so fast. It makes me nervous.
This sentence means that ....
(A) the driver drives his car very fast.
(B) the driver will drive his car slowly.
(C) the driver doesn't drive his car carefully.
(D) the driver will not drive his car very fast.
(E) the driver drove his car very fast.
02. If only I ... more time. I would have come to your house.
(A) had had
(B) had
(C) have had
(D) has
(E) have
03. The stranger gave me this note and went away before I could say anything. I wish I ... his name.
(A) ask
(B) had asked
(C) asked
(D) would have asked
(E) asking
04. I wish I ..., so I can teach you now.
(A) am a teacher of yours
(B) were a teacher of yours
(C) had been your teacher
(D) will be your teacher
(E) was your teacher
05. My dear wishes she had attended the party last night.
It means ....
(A) she doesn't want to the party.
(B) she is in the party now.
(C) she is not in the party.
(D) she didn't attend the party.
(E) she was in the party last night.
06. "If only his son had studied harder." It means ....
(A) his son did not study harder.
(B) his son had studied harder.
(C) his son has studied harder.
(D) his son not study harder.
(E) his son will not study harder.
07. She went to the blackboard as if she knew the Problem.
The underlined words mean ....
(A) She actually couldn't solve the problem.
(B) She ought to know how to solve the problem.
(C) She definitely knew how to solve the problem.
(D) She should know how to solve the problem.
(E) She succeeded in solving the problem.
08. What a pity I can't speak English.
I wish I ... English.
(A) could speak
(B) speak
(C) spoke
(D) could have spoken
(E) had spoken
09. I don’t know Mr. Dhany. I wish I
... him.
(A) knew
(B) know
(C) have known
(D) will know
(E) had known
10. It's a pity you didn't roll the carpet up before painting the ceiling. I wish you….
(A) don't roll the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
(B) roll the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
(C) rolled the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
(D) had rolled the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
(E) didn't roll the carpet up before painting the ceiling.
11. If only I had been there, I would have made several criticisms.
It means ....
(A) I made several criticism.
(B) I had been there for a long time.
(C) I didn't make several criticisms
(D) I would make the criticisms.
(E) I had received the criticisms.
12. If only I had known it was your birthday, I would have bought you a gift. It means
(A) I don't know it is your birthday so I don't buy you a gift.
(B) I know it is your birthday so I don't buy you a gift.
(C) I knew it was your birthday so I bought you a gift.
(D) I didn't know it was your birthday so I bought you a gift.
(E) I didn't know it was your birthday so I didn't buy you a gift.
13. I wish you hadn't given him my phone number.
It means ....
(A) you gave him my phone number.
(B) you didn't give him my phone number.
(C) you hadn't give him my phone number.
(D) you would give him my phone number.
(E) you haven't given him my phone number.
14. "He spoke as if he had liked her."
It means ....
(A) He really liked her.
(B) He appeared to like her.
(C) He wanted people to think he liked her.
(D) he used to like her.
(E) He had liked her.
15. Anto doesn't have a motor cycle. He wants to have one, but he does not have enough money to buy it.
He may say, "I wish I ....
(A) have a motor cycle.
(B) had a motor cycle.
(C) have had a motor cycle.
(D) had had a motor cycle.
(E) will have a motor cycle.
16. What a pity he can't come with us!
I wish he ... come with us.
(A) can
(B) couldn't
(C) can't
(D) couldn't have
(E) could
17. Tom talks as though he ...four languages
(A) has spoken
(B) could speak
(C) have spoken
(D) had spoken
(E) can have spoken
18. Ida : "I told him how to get
there."
Evi : "I know you did, if only he
... your advise."
(A) take
(B) had taken
(C) took
(D) as taken
(E) was taking
19. He had stolen my money, but when I asked him yesterday, he acted as if he ... my money.
(A) did not steal
(B) had not stolen
(C) has not stolen
(D) would have stolen
(E) had stolen
20. "The stupid boy laughs as if he were successful."
It means that the stupid boy ....
(A) laughs because he doesn't fail.
(B) laughs because he succeeds.
(C) doesn't laugh when he fails.
(D) doesn't laugh when he succeeds
(E) laughs, but actually he fails.
21. He treats us as if we ... all foolish.
(A) were
(B) had been
(C) have been
(D) are
(E) was
22. He was abroad when his father died.
He wished he ….with him.
(A) had been
(B) was not
(C) has not been
(D) has been
(E) would not be
23. He acts as if he…English perfectly
(A) knew
(B) know
(C) known
(D) had known
(E) has known
24. He walked as if he…mad.
(A) were
(B) was
(C) had been
(D) have been
(E) is
25. Andi would rather his father….him money last night.
(A) gave
(B) gives
(C) will give
(D) had given
(E) has given
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Causative merupakan bentuk kalimat perintah, dimana subjek pada kalimat causative menghendaki orang lain melakukan sesuatu seperti yang dikehendaki oleh si subjek. Dengan demikian pekerjaan tersebut tidak dilakukan oleh si subjek tapi oleh orang lain. Kata kerja causative HAVE and GET sama maknanya dengan ORDER, ASK n WANT (menyuruh).
B.
SUMMARY
Berdasarkan maknanya, secara umum CAUSATIVE bisa kita kelompokkan menjadi 2 yaitu :
1. CAUSATIVE ACTIVE ( Menyuruh ORANG me/ber..)
a. S + Causative HAMIL / LEMAH + Object Orang + V1
Let O V1= Allow/permit O to V1
Make O V1= Force/cause O to V1
HAMIL = Have, Make, Let
LEMAH= Let, Make, Have
Examples :
1. Mr. Is9ni lets the students write on their book.
= Mr. Is9ni allows the students to write on their book.
2. Mr.Dhany made all the audience laugh yesterday.
= Mr.Dhany caused all the audience to laugh yesterday.
3. Mrs. Yumi had Mrs. Sri translate her English hand-written composition.
= Mrs. Yumi asked Mrs. Sri to translate her English hand-written composition.
b. S + Causative GOWA + Object Orang + TO V1
GOWA = Get, Order, Want, Ask
Examples :
Romy got his maid to clean the dishes.
= Romi asked his maid to clean the dishes.
= Romi had his maid clean the dishes.
2. CAUSATIVE PASSIVE ( Menyuruh BENDA di…)
S + Have/Get + Object BENDA + V3
Examples :
1. My father got/had his hair cut.
= My father asked the barber( someone else) to cut his hair.
2. Lina will get her car repaired.
= Lina will order/ask someone( a mechanic) to repair her car.
Kedua bentuk baik Causative Active maupun Causative Passive bermakna sama yaitu menyuruh orang untuk melakukan sesuatu.
PROBLEM SET 7
01. As I was talking to a client, my phone rang, I had ….
(A) to answer the call
(B) answering the call
(C) asked to answer the call
(D) answered the call
(E) my secretary answer the call
02. 'I need this book on biology, but I can't afford to buy it.'
'What you can do is….
(A) having photocopied the units you need
(B) you want to photocopy the units you need
(C) to have the units you need photocopied
(D) you have photocopied the units you need
(E) have you photocopy the units you need.
03. ‘Can you send this letter for me? I'm in a hurry.'
'Don't worry. I will have Tina … it for you.'
(A) fax
(B) faxed
(C) will fax
(D) faxes
(E) to fax
04. 'How can you determine students' ability in writing?'
‘…. a 1,500-word essay!'
(A) The students write
(B) Have the students write
(C) The students are writing
(D) Have the students to write
(E) The students have written
05. ‘There are students who want to take the new course.'
'…. before Friday, please.'
(A) To register
(B) Registration is
(C) Having registered
(D) Have them register
(E) Have to register
06. The teacher had students who didn't bring their identification cards …. the auditorium where the exams were held.
(A) left
(B) to leave
(C) leaves
(D) leave
(E) leaving
07. 'I spilled some ink on my coat.'
'You must…. at the laundry immediately.'
(A) clean it
(B) have clean it
(C) have to clean it
(D) have to be clean it .
(E) have it cleaned
08. 'I don't think you can translate the whole book by yourself.'
'You're right I'd like to…. a part of it for me.'
(A) have you translate
(B) you have translated
(C) have translated for you
(D) you have to translate
(E) have been translating
09. It is impossible for us to translate the whole book within 2 weeks. So we….
(A) have to translate it all by ourselves
(B) have some assistants help us
(C) have translated the whole book
(D) have been asked to translate it
(E) have given all the translation to the assistants
10. 'What's wrong with the computer, Widi? Can't you do anything about it?'
‘There appears to be an error in the computer program. I will have the matter dealt with immediately.'
This means that Widi ….
(A) is going to fix it immediately
(B) asked his boss to deal with it
(C) is going to deal with the computer
(D) will ask someone to fix it for him
(E) has dealt with such a problem before
11. The curtails of my room need washing.'
'Well, go to the laundry and ….'
(A) wash them
(B) they are washed
(C) it should wash them
(D) have them washed
(E) make them wash
12. My little brother had scattered all his toys on my bed, so I had him…. the bed before night fell.
(A) clear
(B) to clear
(C) cleared
(D) be clearing
(E) to be cleared
13. 'Why are you taking the car to the garage?'
‘…..’
(A) I will check the brakes myself
(B) The brakes will be checked
(C) I will have checked the brakes
(D) I will have the brakes checked
(E) The brakes will have been checked
14. 'I fixed the light in the bathroom yesterday, but it went out again today.'
'Why don't you have an electrician ___ it.'
(A) checking
(B) checked
(C) to checked
(D) check
(E) checks
15. 'I've tried to fix my motorbike, but it is still not running well.'
'Why don't you have a mechanic …. it?'
(A) check
(B) in checking
(C) checking
(D) checked
(E) to check
16. Rudi broke his leg in the accident; therefore, …. drive him to his work.
(A) he doesn't have to ask Amir to
(B) he won't have to get anybody
(C) Amir has asked Rudi
(D) Amir doesn't have to
(E) He will have Amir
17. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife….
(A) cry
(B) to be crying
(C) cried
(D) to cry
(E) crying
18. This cake is delicious; is it home made?'
'You know it isn't; …..'
(A) I baked it myself
(B) Lucy asked me to bake it
(C) It was I who baked it
(D) I had Lucy bake it
(E) I had to bake it
19. After I finished my article, I had it edited.’
This means that ….
(A) I had edited my article
(B) My article would be edited
(C) Somebody edited my article
(D) I was asked to edit my article
(E) I had to edit my article myself
20. ‘This English text on Biology is too difficult to read.'
'Well, you'd better….'
(A) translate it
(B) have it translated
(C) have to translate it
(D) have translate it
(E) to translate
21. 'I'm having trouble with my computer again. I've done everything I can but it doesn't work properly.'
'Why don't you have Darno …. it?'
(A) to fix
(B) fix
(C) fixing
(D) fixed
(E) he fixed
22. The schoolmaster had the students…. their lessons before the exam.
(A) to review
(B) reviewing
(C) review
(D) reviewed
(E) they reviewed
23. 'I can't read this letter. I don’t understand French at all.'
‘Idon't either, but let's….
(A) translate it
(B) have it translated
(C) to translate it
(D) have translated it
(E) have to translate
24. Do I have to go to the post office to get my package?'
'No. You can ….'.
(A) have delivered it
(B) deliver it
(C) have it to be delivered
(D) have to deliver it
(E) have it delivered
25. I don't have much time to do all my household work, so I always ….
(A) help somebody
(B) have helped somebody
(C) have to help somebody
(D) have somebody help me
(E) to have me help somebody
26. We are going on a long trip, so we must…
(A) have checked the car
(B) have had the car checked
(C) have the car checked
(D) have the car checked
(E) had the car checked
27. The fact that he was put into prison for something he had not done made his wife….
(A) cry
(B) to be crying
(C) cried
(D) to cry
(E) crying
28. Rani has beautiful plants in her garden, but they all seem to be dying. I am sure that she
(A) seldom has them watered
(B) has been watering them
(C) has asked somebody to water them
(D) has always watered them
(E) never has to water them
29. 'Is your car new?’
'No, I…at my brother's garage.’
(A) had only painted it
(B) only had it painted
(C) had to paint it only
(D) only had painted
(E) had been asked to paint it
30. We have our neighbor check our house whenever we go on vacation.
This means that: every time we go on vacation, ….
(A) we first check the house with our neighbor
(B) we don't let our neighbor check our house
(C) our neighbor comes to check our house
(D) we have checked our neighbor's house
(E) we ask someone to check our neighbor's house
LANGUAGE EXPRESSION
A.
WARNING (PERINGATAN)
Pelajari kalimat-kalimat berikut tentang ungkapan-ngkapan peringatan kepada seseorang agar berhati-hati.
a. Watch out! A fierce dog approaches you.
b. Take care when you cross the river.
c. Be careful! There is a car behind you.
d. Make sure that you don't forget to bring your money.
Respon yang dapat diberikan untuk ungkapan diatas adalah :
§ Yes, I will. Thanks for warning me.
§ Don't worry. I know that.
§ I'll remember that, thank you.
§ Thanks for the warning. I'll be careful.
B.
PROHIBITION (LARANGAN)
Prohibition adalah cara-cara untuk melarang melakukan sesuatu. Prohibition biasanya merupakan tindak lanjut dari warning. Bila yang dilarang berupa kegiatan, maka gunakanlah Don't + V1. Sedangkan jika yang dilarangnya berupa kata-kata sifat, maka Don't + be + ... (adjective/adverb).
Contoh :
- Don't go away!
- Don't smoke here!
- Don't be lazy!
- Don't run here!
Respon yang dapat diberikan dari prohibition itu adalah "No, I won't" yang berarti sanggup bersedia mematuhi larangan, dan "But, I will", yang berarti tidak mau mematuhi larang-itu.
C.
ASKING FOR HELP (MEMINTA PERTOLONGAN)
Untuk memohon bantuan dapat dipergunakan ungkapan berikut :
§ Would you ...( + V1/be)?
§ Could you. ..( + V1/be)?
§ Do you mind... ( + V. ing)?
§ Would you mind (+ V. ing)?
Respon untuk mengabulkan ungkapan permintaan di atas adalah "Okay, certainly, of course, sure, all right”, sedangkan untuk menolaknya dapat digunakan ungkapan "I am sorry."
D.
GIVING ADVICE AND SUGGESTION (MEMBERI NASEHAT DAN SARAN)
Ungkapan-ungkapannya antara lain :
§ You should take a rest.
§ You ought to stop smoking.
§ You should keep it out of the children reach.
§ You had better go to bed.
Respon yang dapat diberikan :
- Yes, thank you
- I’ll do that
- Yes, I will.
E.
CRITICIZE (MENGKRITIK)
Berikut ini ada beberapa ungkapan untuk dipelajari :
§ You are so ... (negative words)
§ Why can't you be more ...
§ I hate to say this, but ...
§ You seem to be rather ...
§ I hope you won't mind my saying this, but ...
§ You're rather ...
Respon yang dapat diberikan :
- I'm sorry.
- No, I'm not.
F.
GIVING OBJECTION
Giving Objection (Menyatakan Keberatan)
Ungkapan yang dapat diberikan untuk menyatakan keberatan:
§ I can't go along with you. I deny that...
§ you can't mean that...
§ I don't suppose so.
§ It's wrong to ...
§ I see no reason why ...
§ I'd rather you don't... .
§ I'm afraid that wasn't right...
Untuk menanggapinya, respon yang dapat diberikan:
- Not, if you object.
- Ok, I won't...
G.
APOLOGIZING
Apologizing (Meminta maaf)
Ungkapan yang sering :
§ Excuse me for...
§ I'm sorry...
§ I apologize for...
§ Please forgive me.
Respon :
- Never mind.
- That's Ok.
- It doesn't matter.
- Don't worry about that
- That's all right
H.
INTENTION AND PLAN
Intention and Plan (Tujuan dan Rrencana)
Maksud atau tujuan dapat diungkapkan dengan menggunakan to infinitive yang membatasi kata kerja atau pengganti kata kerja.
Contoh :
1. Follow the direction to get good result.
2. The students go to school to get knowledge.
3. The car is waiting me to take to the station.
4. He means to make me respect him.
Rencana dapat diungkapkan dengan menggunakan future form (bentuk masa datang) atau menggunakan verb plan (kata kerja rencana).
Contoh :
- I'm going to visit you tonight.
- I plan to get marriage at thirty.
- He is going to plant Australian apple.
I.
EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY AND IMPOSSIBILITY
Expression Possibility and Impossibility (ungkapan Kemungkinan dan Ketidakmungkinan)
Untuk mengungkapkan kemungkinan kita menggunakan :
§ There is a good chance ...
§ It is possible/likely ...
§ May be...
§ Probably...
§ Perhaps...
§ Assume that...
§ I believe that ...
Untukmengungkapkan ketidakmungkinan kita menggunakan:
- There is no chance ...
- It's impossible ...
- It's very doubtful...
- It’s unlikely…
01. PROBLEM SET 8
Septi : "Oh … for losing your pen I borrowed yesterday."
Ainur : "It doesn't matter. I still have the other one."
(A) I apologize
(B) That's great
(C) I don't care
(D) who cares
(E) I don't mind
02. Joni : "Hi, Tuti! Do you hear that Soni won
the motocross prize yesterday?"
Tuti : "Really? very nice."
The underlined word above expresses ....
(A) wonder.
(B) agreement.
(C) advise.
(D) regret.
(E) surprise.
03. Anton will go to the movie. It's raining hard.
Anton : "Mother, I will go now. It's getting
late."
Mother : "You'd better stay at home.
Otherwise, you will catch cold."
From the dialogue we know that Anton's mother ....
(A) asks for attention.
(B) feels regret.
(C) gives advice.
(D) shows anger.
(E) asks for information.
04. Ani : "You promised to return my book now.
I need it badly."
Dina : " . . . , I left it home. I'll give it you this
afternoon."
(A) I'm sorry
(B) I don't mind
(C) I'm very terrible
(D) I am so pleased
(E) I'm very awful
05. Irfan : "The test is very difficult. I am not
sure whether I can pass."
Toni : "Hopefully, you can.
The underlined utterance is an expression of....
(A) showing disappointment.
(B) giving instruction.
(C) admitting something.
(D) complaining something.
(E) showing expectation.
06. Johan : "Are you working here, Ivan?"
Ivan : "Yes, I have been working here for a month."
Johan : "Oh, really ....
(A) I'm very surprised
(B) I'm very anxious
(C) I'm confused
(D) I'm terrible.
(E) I'm worried
07. You are with your friend in the class. He has two pencils and you want to borrow one of them.
What will you say?
(A) Could you help me?
(B) Do you mind if I borrow your pencils, please?
(C) Do you have two pencils?
(D) I've left my pencil at home.
(E) Borrow me pencil, please.
08. You are having dinner with your friends. You want to smoke and ask whether you can smoke.
What do you say?
(A) Do you have any cigarette?
(B) Do you mind if I smoke?
(C) Can I ask you a piece of cigarette?
(D) What cigarette do you smoke?
(E) I wonder if I smoke.
09. Someday Ella went to Pasar Baru by bus, but she didn't know where to get off. She asked the man beside her:
Ella : "Sorry to bother you, but could you tell me where I should get off, I'd like to go to Pasar Baru."
The man : "You'd better get off on Jln. Asia
Afrika."
Ella : "Thank you for telling me that."
The underlined sentence expresses ....
(A) A surprise.
(B) Sympathy.
(C) An information.
(D) Asking for an attention.
(E) An Invitation.
10. Dedi : "Is it alright if I park my car here?"
Tina : "I'm sorry, that's not allowed.
From the underlined utterance we know that Dedi's permission is ....
(A) accepted by Tina.
(B) refused by Tina.
(C) showed her regret.
(D) complained.
(E) interrupted.
11. Father : "Where is Budi? It's late."
Mother : "... he has trouble with his
motorcycle."
(A) I'm sure
(B) I'm serious
(C) That's crazy
(D) I'm worried
(E) It's all right
12. Jonny : "when will father return home,
Mom? I really miss him."
Mother : "I expect he'll come back soon."
The underlined utterance expresses ....
(A) An information.
(B) hope.
(C) asking for information.
(D) giving an apology.
(E) asking for the attention.
13. Tom failed in his examination although he is a clever student. His father didn't believe it when he told him.
Tom : "I didn't pass my exam, Dad."
Father : "...."
(A) Fantastic.
(B) That's great.
(C) Are you serious?
(D) Are you satisfied?
(E) What do you think?
14. Serin : "How is your sister, Tom? Is she
getting better now?"
Tom : "Actually, I'm worried about her
health. She is getting worst."
The underlined sentence expressed ....
(A) surprise.
(B) hope.
(C) apology.
(D) anxiety.
(E) desire.
15. There was a good film at the Galaxy theatre. Ati asked Sarah to accompany her. But Sarah had a lot of works to do. Sarah said : "...."
(A) It's a pity that I couldn't.
(B) certainly. I’ll go with you.
(C) No, I have seen it
(D) I beg your pardon?
(E) Shall we go now?
16. Your partner is cleaning her house. You would offer to wipe, the tables. You would say these, except : " ... "
(A) Can I wipe the tables?
(B) Shall I wipe the tables?
(C) Let me wipe the tables?
(D) Would you like me to wipe the tables?
(E) It's very kind of you to wipe the tables.
17. Ali had some cigarettes. He offered one to his friend, Tono. But Tono refused it because he never smoke.
Ali : "May I offer you a cigarette?"
Tono : "...."
(A) I'd love one.
(B) Yes, please.
(C) Thanks anyway, but I don't like smoke.
(D) That would be nice.
(E) No, you may not.
18. Mr.Dhany : "What do you think about
pollution?"
Mr.Is9ni : " …, It's a very serious problem."
(A) Yes, I'd love to
(B) In my opinion
(C) I'd rather not
(D) By all means
(E) Don't worry about it
19. Anita's grandfather passed away last week. Siti would like to express sympathy to her. What should Siti say to Anita?
(A) That's great
(B) Good luck
(C) Congratulation
(D) I'm sorry to hear that
(E) I'm glad to hear that
20. Rani came late to school this morning, and said to the teacher.
"... I am late, Sir."
(A) It's a pity
(B) I'm afraid
(C) I'm sorry
(D) Unfortunately
(E) Excuse me
21. There was a woman in a book store looking at the books on the shelf, then the waiter came to her.
He asked : “…”
The woman : "No, thanks, I'm just looking."
(A) I wonder if you could help me?
(B) May I help you?
(C) Have you got any idea?
(D) Can you help me?
(E) Excuse me.
22. When Teddy saw Mrs. Green trying to move her cupboard by herself, he offered his help and said : "...."
(A) Can you help me, Mrs. Green?
(B) May I help you to move this cupboard?
(C) Do you mind moving this cupboard?
(D) Would you like to move the cupboard?
(E) help me please
23. Ani planned to see the Safary Garden. She asked All to join her and he agreed. Ani said, "Would you like to go with me?"
Ali said : “….”
(A) Never mind.
(B) I'd love to.
(C) Please help your self.
(D) What a pity, I can't go with you.
(E) No, thank you.
24. Son : "Mom, may I watch TV until ten
o'clock this evening?
Mother : "I am afraid not. You must get up
very early tomorrow morning."
In the dialogue the Son is asking his mother's ...
(A) permission.
(B) attention.
(C) agreement.
(D) reason.
(E) sympathy.
25. A tourist : "Sorry, Could you tell me where the nearest travel agent is?
A policeman: "Sure. Walk on for one block and turn left. It's on your right."
The underlined expression shows ....
(A) asking for information.
(B) accepting invitation.
(C) refusing an offer
(D) expressing hope.
(E) introduction.
26. x : Would you mind telling me your terrible experience in Ball?
y : …….
(A) What is it?
(B) What a surprise!
(C) Sure, I would,
(D) I'm sorry' to hear that
(E) I'm happy for you
27. x : It is Saturday night. I suppose 111
get a traffic jam.
y : …..
(A) What do you think of it?
(B) How do you like it?
(C) Do you agree about it?
(D) Why don't you take an alternative way?
(E) Don't you think it's an alternative way?
28. x : ….
y : Never mind.
(A) How do you like it?
(B) I'm sorry for disturbing you.
(C) I'm sorry to hear that
(D) What a surprise!
(E) You have my agreement.
29. x : ….
y : It's too bright
(A) What is it?
(B) Do you know this?
(C) How do you do?
(D) What do you think of my new blouse?
(E) What does it mean?
30. x : I think I don't feel good, but I must
go to Rina's party tonight.
y : …
(A) You had better take a rest
(B) I’m sorry
(C) How amazing it is!
(D) Thank God!
(E) Congratulations.
31. x : ……
y : Maybe the lack of parent's
attention.
(A) Do you know what causes juvenile delinquency?
(B) What is juvenile delinquency?
(C) Is it juvenile delinquency?
(D) Do you know juvenile delinquency?
(E) What juvenile delinquency means?
32. x : Are you accusing me?
y : ……
(A) I'm sorry to hear that.
(B) I'm so sorry.
(C) No, I just say that you are so nervous.
(D) No, thanks.
(E) Never mind.
33. x : That package looks so heavy. Let
me help you to lift it up.
y : No, thanks. …..
(A) I'm happy for you.
(B) I'm so scared
(C) I'm so sorry
(D) I'm able to do it myself
(E) It's difficult to lift it up.
34. x : Excuse me, Sir. …..
y : Yes. Please sit down.
(A) How do you do?
(B) Don't you know the register?
(C) I'd like to register to the conversation class.
(D) Do you sit down?
(E) Why don't you sit down?
35. x : I'm bankrupt. I have no power to
do anything.
y : …..
(A) I'm so sorry.
(B) What a surprise!
(C) Come on. Don't give up
(D) I'm so scare
(E) It's so nice.
JENIS- JENISTEXT
NARRATIVE
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk narrative adalah cerita hiburan yang berisi berbagai permasalahan (crisis) dan berujung pada masalh penyelesaian tersebut (resolution). Cerita berbentuk narrative bias berupa fiksi dan nonfiksi. Cerita fiksi misalnya; legenda, fable, cerita rakyat, dsb. Sedangkan cerita nonfiksi bias berupa cerita kejadian nyata dimasa lampau yang penuh degan konlik/crisis sekaligus terdapat alur penyelesaiannya, misalnya cerita tentang orang-orang yang selamat dari terjangan tsunami yang melanda aceh berikut perjuangannya menyelamatkan diri.
Istilah-istilah penting yang terdapat dalam text berbentuk narrative;
Ø specific/individual participant: tokoh cerita bersifat khusus yang mengacu pada satu atau beberapa individu dan tidak belaku pada general/umum.
Ø Material process: disebut jug adengan istilah “Action Verbs” yaitu katakerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh. Misalnya; eat, swim, sleep. etc.
Ø Behavioral Process: disebut juga dengan istilah “Verbal Process/Speaking Verbs” misalnya; say, said, tell, dsb.
Ø Relational process disebut juga dengan istilah Linking Verbs yang menghubungkan subjek pelengkap, misalnya;to be, consist of, function as, derive from, to be classified into, to be identified as, etc.
Ø Mental Process/Thinking Verbs: yaitu kata kerja yang yang berhubungan dengan persepsi panca indra. Misalnya; think, feel, guess, dsb.
Ø Temporal Conjunction: kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian yang sat dengan yang lain. Misalnya; firstly, then, next, after that, meanwhile, at that time, etc.
Ø Temporal Circumstance: keterangan waktu. Misalnya; once, once upon a time, etc.
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Narrative deals with problematic a event which leads to a crisis or turning point of some kind (climax), which in turns finds a resolution. For example; tales, historical story, horror story, fable, legend, myth, etc.
Social function/Communicative Approach/Purpose:
Ø To amuse or entertain the readers.
Ø To deal with actual /vicarious experience in different ways.
Generic Structure/Text Organization;
Ø Orientation : sets of the scene, where, when or introduce who is the participants.
Ø Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Ø Complication : what problem did character have?
Ø Resolution : how was the problem solved?
Ø Coda (optional): attitude messages to the readers.
Language Features:
Ø Focus on specific or individual participant.
Ø Use of material process/action verbs
Ø Use of behavioral process/verbal process/saying verbs/speaking verbs
Ø Use of past tense
Ø Use of temporal conjunction and temporal sequence
Ø Direct and indirect speech
1. TEXT MODELLING
Read the text below carefully!
PINNOCHIO
PAST TENSE
SPECIFIC PARTICIPANT
ORIENTATION
Once upon a time, there lived a poor man named Gepetto, a carpenter. He made puppets from pieces of wood. He called his favorite puppet ‘Pinocchio’. I would love to be a father to a real boy,” he wished. One night, a fairy who knew that Gepetto was a good man, cast a magic spell over Pinocchio. The very next day, Geppetto awoke and was very happy to find that Pinocchio could walk, sit, sing, talk, and run.
Poor Gepetto wanted to send Pinocchio to school. He sold his only coat for a spelling book. “Now you can go to school like a real boy!” said Gepetto as he waved good bye to Pinocchio.
MATERIAL PROCESS
COMPLICATION
On the way to school, he met an evil fox who told him all about school and gave Fun Island. Pinocchio forgot all about school and gave the fox his spelling book in return for a ticket to Fn Island. “Where are you going Pinocchio?” asked the good fairy. “I am on my way to school,” lied Pinocchio. Pinocchio’s nose suddenly grew very long. He wished he hadn’t told lie. The fairy called a bird to peck at his long nose because Pinocchio was very sorry. He promised never to be naughty ever again and went straight to school. At school, Pinocchio told his friend all about Fun Island.
After school, together with his friends, he hurriedly went aboard a ship that was going to Fun Island. They didn’t know that on the island, little boys were turned into donkeys and they had to do very hard work. Pinocchio cried and wished he hadn’t come to the island. He also wished he hadn’t looked like a silly donkey. The fairy heard his wish and with a wave of her magic wand, he became Pinocchio again.
TEMPORAL CIRCUMSTANCE
RESOLUTION
Pinocchio sat on the shore, sadly looking out the sea. He wondered if he would ever see Gepetto again. Suddenly, he saw Gepetto who had sailed out to the sea in search of Pinocchio. Pinocchio waved his hand and they could meet again. They were both tired. They laid on the sand and fell asleep. When Gepetto awoke, Pinocchio had become a real boy. “At last my wish has come true!” cried Gepetto. After that, they lived happily ever after.
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text genre berbentuk RECOUNT adalah menceritakan ulang tentang sebuah kejadian yang pernah dialami oleh seseorang sehingga disebut juga cerita tentang pengalaman pribadi. Perbedaan jenis genre ini dengan narrative yaitu bahwa narrative labih menekankan pada konflik dan penyelesaiannya, sedangkan genre berbentuk recount lebih menekankan pada cerita ulang sebuah kejadian yang pernah kita alami tanpa mementingkan konflik cerita dan penyelesaiannya. Misalnya cerita tentang kegiatan yang kita lakukan di masa liburan (pergi liburan ke rumah nenek) lalu kita ceritakan ulang kejadian tersebut di depan kelas, maka jenis cerita tersebut lebih cenderung ke recount genre.
Istilah-istilah penting dalam RECOUNT genre:
ü Individual participant: tokoh cerita bersifat individu atau pribadi
ü Material process: disebut juga dengan istilah “action verb” yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh, misalnya: makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swam/swum), dll
ü Temporal conjunction: konjungsi/kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian satu dengan yang lain, misalnya firstly, then, next, after that, meanwhile, at that time, ect.
ü Place circumstance: lingkungan atau tempat peristiwa.
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Recounts tell the reader what happened. They retell a past event/past experience, e.g. we visit to hometown two weeks ago.
Social function/communicative approach/purpose: to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.
Generic structure/text organization:
v Orientation: Who, When, and Where.
v Events: Tell happened in time sequences.
v Reorientation (optional): Closure the events or summary of the events.
Language features:
v Focus on individual people, i.e. use the words “I” or “We”
v Use of material process
v Use of circumstance of time and place
v Use of past tense
1. TEXT MODELING
I remember, I remember
I think my first memories start when I was about four years old. I lived in a suburb of Sydney, called Chatswood. I had a happy childhood. I remembered playing in a big garden. I fell from a big tree and broke my hand.
I had a naughty friend. I don’t remember his name but I usually called him, giant, because he was very fat. He liked hitting and pulling my head. One day I hit him over the head with my bag. So, his parents were very angry with me.
I started my school when I was four. My favorite teacher is Mr. Jude. She was like my mom. Every day she asked me to sing Waltzing Matilda.
Adapted from Kernel Three
Generic Structure
Orientation
Event 1
Event 2
Language feature
Individual participant
Place circumstance
Paste tense/material processes
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text genre adalah SPOOF biasanya menceritakan sebuah kejadian (lucu) yang diakhirnya terdapat hal yang tidak diduga diharapkan oleh tokoh cerita. Sesuatu yang tidak terduga dan tidak sesuai dengan harapan si tokoh ini disebut dengan istilah TWIST. Hal itulah yang membedakan antara SPOOF dan ANEKDOTE. Anecdote itu sendiri biasanya menceritakan kejadian yang aneh dan jarang sekali terjadi.
Istilah-istilah penting dalam SPOOF Genre:
ü Individual participant: tokoh cerita bersifat atau perseorangan, tidak berlaku begi semua orang.
ü Material Process: disebut juga dengan istilah “verb action” yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh, misalnya: makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swam/swum), dll.
ü Temporal conjunction/temporal circumstance: konjungsi/kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian satu dengan yang lain, misalnya: firstly, then, next, afterthat, meanwhile, at this time, etc.
ü Place circumstance: lingkungan atau tempat peristiwa.
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Social function/communicative approach/purpose: to retell an event with humorous twist.
Generic structure/text organization
v Orientation: sets and scene
v Events: tell what happened
v Twist: provide the punch line to be funny because of unexpected result
Language features:
v Focus on individual participants
v Circumstance of time and place
v Use of material processes (action verbs) to tell what happened
v Use of past tense
1. TEXT MODELING
We Don’t Subscribe Any Newspapers
Jack was a university student. He studied history.
At the end of his first year, he failed in his examinations and he was told to leave the university.
The next day Jack’s father went to see the professor; he urged the Professor to let Jack continue his studies the following year. “He’s good boy”, said Jack’s father,” and if you let him pass this time, I’m sure he’ll improve a lot next year and pass the examination at the end of the year well.
“No, no! That’s quite impossible!” replied the professor, “Do you know, last month l asked him when Napoleon died, and he could not answer it”.
“Please, Sir, give him another chance,” said Jack’s father, “You see, we don’t subscribe any newspapers in our house, so none of us even knew that Napoleon was ill”.
Answer these questions.
1. Why did Jack have to leave the university?
2. What did his father try to do?
3. What example did the professor give to show how bad a student Jack was?
4. Which part is funny? Why is it funny?
FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk ANECDOTE adalah cerita hiburan yang berisi cerita-cerita aneh yang jarang lerjadi dan kadang tidak masuk akal. Di dalam teks jenis ini biasanya penulis menggunakan bahasa-bahasa exclamation, admiration, intensirier and rhetorical question yang mengungkapkan rasa keterkaguman sekaligus kelidakpercayaan akan kejadian yang diceritakan.
Istilah-istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam Anecdote Genre:
ü Material Process: disebut juga dengan istilah "Action verb" yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh. misainya: makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swan/swum). dll.
ü Rhetorical question: yaitu suatu bentuk kalimat tanya yang tidak memerlukan jawaban, karena si penanya sebenarnya sudah tahu
ü Jawabannya jenis pertanyaan ini banyak menggunakan Question Tag.
ü Temporal conjunction: konjungsi/kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian satu dengan yang lain, misalnya: firstly, then, next, after that, meanwhile, at that time, etc.
ü Intensifier: yaitu bentuk ujaran yang berguna untuk mengingkar suatu maksud ujaran, misalnya penggunaan kata: really, very, etc,
ü Admiration: bentuk ekspresi kekaguman yang hampir sama dengan intensifier, biasanya menggunakan pola WHAT....and HOW....!
'
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Social function/Communicative Approach/ Purpose: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure/Text organization:
· Abstract; signals the retelling of an unusual incident
· Orientation: sets the scene
· Crisis: provides details of unusual incident
· Reaction: reaction to crisis
· Coda ( optional) reflection or evaluation of the incident.
Language Features:
· Use of exclamation
· Use of rhetorical questions/mostly question lags
· Use of intensifier (really, very, quite, etc.)
· Use of material processes (action verbs) to tell what happened
· Use of temporal conjunction.
1. TEXT MODELLING
From Candles to Soap
Well, what would you like to do when things go wrong? What? Commit suicide? Oh,-no. It's very stupid, isn't it?
In the 1800s. Procter and Gamble's best seller was candles. But the company had been in trouble when i Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. Their fears became reality when the market for candles decreased since they now sold only for special occasions.
The outlook appeared to be bleak for Procter and Gamble. However, al this time, it seemed that destiny played a dramatic part in pulling the struggling company from the clutches of bankruptcy — A forgetful employee at a small factory in Cincinnati forgot to turn off his machine when he went out to lunch. The result? A frothing mass of lather filled with air bubbles. He almost threw the stuff away but decided to make it info soap instead. The soap floated. This, ivory soap was born and became the mainstay of the Procter and Gamble Company. Why was soap that floats became such a hot item at the time? In Cincinnati, during that period, some people bathed in the Ohio River. Floating soap would never sink and consequently never got lost. So, Ivory soap became a best seller in Ohio and eventually across the country also.
Like Procter and Gamble, never give up when things go wrong or when seemingly insurmountable problems arise. Creativity put to work can change a problem and turn it into a gold mine.
I. JOINT CONSTRUCTION OF TEXT
Read this text carefully and decide its generic structure!
Fashion
Why is mere always something to take great care of when you start a new thing? You plan your outfit weeks" before, choose the most appropriate suit, the right color, the shoes, the bag, the jeans and T-shirt. For adolescent groups, it's just something that comes naturally. The way you dress can help you when want to give the beet impression and win the people over by the end of the meeting! It's true, isn't it?
About ten days ago, Vicky received her list of new students. The registration form had a space for their dates of birth, which are only completed if the students are under age. She read through the names and realized it was a kiddy group as their dates of birth were around 9 and 10 year olds.
She found it is strange that the list had been handwritten; they normally come straight out of the computer.
However, she ignored it.
Then, she realized that the starting date was actually the first day of Spanish Carnival. "Great! I thought. I'll use my teddy bear suit, bring in my box of cuddly toys and base my first class on animals and colours". She remembered thinking that most kids dress up at carnival and they'd find it cute if their teacher was also in the carnival spirit. And that's what she did, she arrived on the first Thursday of carnival, dressed as a cute little teddy bear, with her box of toys under her arm. He held the registration form on her left hand. She walked through the door quite happily... only to see the Director of Studies. Seeing her, he was completely astonished. She smiled at her and looked straight at her as he said: "Good afternoon, Vicky, I would like to introduce you to Mr. Mendez, the Director of "Lingua', who has organized the English course which you will be teaching today". Mr. Mendez had an excellent sense of humor. The secretary then interrupted to apologize her about having given her the wrong details for her new class. Unfortunately the computer had been re-programmed and had lost part of the school's vital information. That's why her register was handwritten!
Be careful! You never know what could await you in your next English class!
(Adapted from Vicky Lopez Sheridan in Spain)
PROSET 1
Text 1
One day, seven worms were walking happily. Their mother was leading them. They had just had their breakfast on a big tree near the river. “Come on. Children. Let’s go home, “ mama worm said.
Suddenly, a cricket said, “your last child is ugly!” ”Ugly?” asked mama worm. She looked at the child. He was not the same as her ot her children. “Hey, ugly!”she said, “You are not my child. Go away!”
The little brown worm walked away. He was very sad. When he was near a lake, he talked into the lake.
“Oh, how ugly I am,” he cried.
“You are not ugly, “said a voice, ‘Oh, I find you my child.”
The worm looked around. There was a beautiful big caterpillar and her children. They looked as the same as he.
“They may call you ugly,” said mother Caterpillar, “ you are the most beautiful child in the world. One day, you will turn into a beautiful butterfly.”.
01. This text is in the form of.......
a. expository
b. spoof
c. recount
d. narrative
e. discussion
02. The major complication reveals in.......
a. paragraph 1
b. paragraph 2
c. paragraph 3
d. paragraph 4
e. paragraph 5
03. The organization of the text is.........
a. orientation-complication-resolution
b. orientation-events-reorientation
c. thesis-arguments-recommendation
d. orientation-events-twist
e. abstract-orientation-crisis-reaction-coda
04.The writer mostly uses.....to express the real words of the speaker
a. simple past tense
b. indirect speech
c. direct speech
d. passive voice
e. simple present tense
05. The social function the text is .........
a. to retell an event for the purpose of entertaining
b. to amuse the readers and deal with actual or vicarious experience indifferent ways
c. to present different point of views
d. to share with other unusual incidents
e. to describe the particular thing
06. The following include complication.
a. One day seven worms were walking happily
b. The child was not the same as the other so, mama asked him to go way
c. There was beautiful big caterpillar and her children
d. When he was near a lake, he talked into the lake
e. They may call you ugly, but you are the most beautiful child in the world
07. The little brown warm walked away. (par.3), the underlined word is similar to.....
a. evacuated
b. emaciated
c. exiled
d. escaped
e. get way
08. The story of the lost caterpillar leads to ..... ending
a. tragedy
b. happy
c. sad
d. funny
e. unknown
09. One of the language features used on the text above is using material process. Below are the examples of material process, except.......
a. go away
b. walked
c. turn into
d. said
e. lead
Text 4
An English teacher was explaining about colours to his students.
After he had been explaining, he asked his students, “Who can make a sentence using the words green, pink and yellow?”
James, the smartest student in the class, quickly raised his hand and answered, “When the yellow morning sun comes, I see a beautiful girl wearing a pink dress walking through the green grass”.
“Me, me, sir” Johny, one of the student in the class, said while raising his hand. And then he said, “I heard the telephone ring, green....green, then I picked up the receiver and I said, ”Yellow, who’s speaking there?”
10. What is the genre of the text above?
a. Recount
b. Narrative
c. Spoof
d. Anecdote
e. Explanation
11. What is the purpose of the text above?
a. To retell events to the students
b. To deal with the vicarious experience
c. To educate the students
d. To entertain the readers
e. To explain the process
12. What is the schematic structure of the text ?
a. Orientation-events-reorientation
b. Orientation-evaluation-complication-resolution
c. Abstract-orientation-crisis-reaction-coda
d. General statement-explanation
e. Orientation-events-twist
13. What tense is mostly used in the story?
a. Present simple tense
b. Past simple tense
c. Present future tense
d. Present perfect tense
e. Past future tense
14. The last of the story reflects.......
a. orientation
b. un expected result
c. coda
d. twist
e. B and D are correct
Text 6
Leo and Beni decided to go to a movie to relax. They were very tired after finishing the exams. They chose to see an adventure film. They didn’t want to see drama, love story, thriller or horror film. They wanted to forget studying for one night and fantasize a little.
So they bought two tickets for a film called Lord of the Rings, The Fellowship of the Ring. They got in the movie just on time before the movie started.
Inside the movie, a tall man sat on a seat in front of them. He put on a tall hat. Leo and’ Beni could not see the screen. Leo tapped the man on the shoulder and asked him to remove his hat, When the man turned around to say sorry, they recognized him. He was Mr Ali, Leo’s father.
15. The purpose of the text above is...
a. to tell past events
b. to entertain the readers about the
film
c. to describe how to get to the
movie
d. to explain the readers how Leo
met his father in the movie
e. to inform the readers about
Leo’s activity after the exams
16. Leo and Beni went to the movie and saw a/an ... film
a. drama
b. thriller
c. horror
d. adventure
e. love story
17. The main idea of the last paragraph is...
a. they enjoyed the film
b. they bought two tickets for the film
c. they were late to get to the movie
d. they wore tall hats while they were watching the film
e. they unpurposely met Leo’s father in the movie
18. Why couldn’t Leo and Beni see the screen?
a. The screen wasn’t so clear
b. They sat on seats at the back row
c. A man wearing a tall hat sitting in front of them
d. The man sitting behind them wore a tall hat
e. They were too short to see the screen clearly
19. ‘They didn’t want to see a drama, love story, thriller (P.1).
The underlined word means a film that tells a story about. …...events,
a. scary
b. funny
c. amused
d. romantic
e. excellent
Text 8
Pat Hogan was traveling around the country in his car. One evening, he was driving along the road and looking for a small hotel when he saw an old man at the side of the road. He stopped his car and said to the old man, "I want to go to Sun Hotel. Do you know it?"
‘Yes,” the old man answered. "I'll show you the way."
He got into Pat's car, and they drove for about twelve miles. When they came to a small house, the old man said, "Stop here”.
Pat stopped his car and looked at the house. "But this is not the hotel,” he said to the old man.
"No. the old man answered, "this is my house. And now I'll show you the way to the Sun Hotel. Turn around and go back nine miles. 'Then you'll see the Sun Hotel on the left."
20. Fizzin : What kind of text is it?
Pistra : it is a/an……text.
a. spoof
b. recount
c. narrative
d. expository
e. discussion
21. What is the purpose of the text?
a. explain the audience how something occur
b. tell about unforgettable experience
c. retell an event with a humorous twist
d. amuse or entertain the audience
e. tell about natural phenomena
22. Shanti : could you tell me the generic structure of the text above. I really forget!
Dimas : of course, they are...
a. orientation-complication-resolution
b. abstract-orientation-crisis-reaction-coda
c. orientation-events-reorientation
d. thesis-arguments-recommendation
e. orientation-events-twist
23. Magda : What kind of tense is mostly used in the text?
Su'ef : It uses..…..
a. simple present
b. passive voice
c. past tense
d. direct speech
e. indirect speech
24. Pat Hogan should only drive….miles to reach the Sun Hotel, but he drive twelve miles.
a. nine
b. eight
c. five
d. three
e. two
Text 3
Late in the afternoon, the boys put up their tent in the middle of a field. As soon as this was done, they cooked a meal over an open fire. They all were hungry and the wonderful meal; they talked stories and sang songs by the camp fire. But some time later it began to rain. The boys felt tired so they put out the fire and crept into their tent. Their sleeping bad were worn and comfortable, so they all slept soundly, in the middle of the night two boys woke up and began shouting. The tent was full of water. They all out of their sleeping bags and hurried out side. It was raining heavily and they found that a stream had found in the field. The stream wound its way across the field and followed right under the tent.
25. What is the type of the text?
a. narrative
b. descriptive
c. anecdote
d. news item
e. recount
26. According to the text, the correct statement is ……
a. They were camping in an isolated place
b. They enjoyed their food very much
c. They prepared their meals at home
d. They had an uninteresting time
e. They did not sleep well
27. The communicative purpose of the text is ….
a. To share an amusing incident
b. To amuse the readers
c. To describe an event
d. To retell events
28. The boy felt tired so they put out the fire (liner 5). The word “put out “ means …..
a. extinguished
b. distinguished
c. rearranged
d. avoided]
e. stayed away
TEXT 5
What a naughty boy Salman is! He could lie two people in the same time.
One afternoon Salman played with his ball in front of Mrs. Yanti's house.
He kicked the ball and the ball broke Mrs. Yanti's window. The glass of the window was broken. For that he said sorry to Mrs. Yanti. 'What will you do now?" asked Mrs. Yanti. "My father will come here and repair the window." answered Salman.
Few minutes later, a young man came to Mrs. Yanti's house. 'Excuse me, madam. I will repair your window and change the glass," said the man. "Okay, I have waited for you answered Mrs. Yanti.
Not long after that the man finished his work and asked Mrs. Yanti to pay seventy thousand dollars for the glass and repair
Mrs. Yanti was surprised to hear that. "Aren't you the young boy's father?" asked Mrs. Yanti. "No. I'm not. I am not his father." answered the man. "Aren't you his mother?" he told me that he is your son." mentioned the man. "No. I am not his mother."
Realizing what happened, Mrs. Yanti said lo the man, "He has laid you and me. He is not my son. He broke my window und he told me that his lather will come here to repair it"
29 What is this text about?
a. Mrs. Yanti's house
b. A repairman
c. A naughty boy
d. A, B, and C are right
e. No answer
30. What is the genre of the text?
a. spoof
b. anecdote
c. narrative
d. recount
e. commentary
31. What is the purpose of the text?
a. to share with others about an amusing story
b. to deal with actual/vicarious experience
c. to retell a funny story
d. to explain the evolution of something
e. to present at least two contrastive ideas
32. The crisis is shown in paragraph...
a. par. 1
b. par. 2
c. par.3
d. par.4
e. par.5
33. The generic structure of the text is...
a. orientation—events—reorientation
b. abstract—orientation—crisis—reaction—coda
c. orientation-evaluation-complication-resolution
d. goal—materials needed—steps
e. issue—arguments—conclusion
34. He kicked the ball and the ball broke Mrs. Yanti's window. The underlined word refers to...
a. Salman
b. Mrs. Yanti
c. The repairman
d. Salman and the repairman
e. Salman and Mrs. Yanti
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk DESCRIPTIVE adalah menggambarkan atau mendeskripsikan sesuatu yang spesifik/khusus, bisa benjpa orang, benda, ataupun tempat, dengan menyebutkan.karakteristik/cirri-ciri yang melekat pada benda lersebut, bagaimana bentuknya, berapa ukuranya, terietak dimana, dsb. Tujuan teks berbentuk deskripsi yaitu menggambarkan objek sejelas mungkin sehingga pembaca seolah-olah bisa melihat sendiri atau menggambarkan subjek tersebut secara langsung. Petbedaan teksjenis ini dengan teks berbentuk report terietak pada specific tidaknya si subjek. Kalau subjek atau benda tersebut bertaku untuk spesifik (diungkapkan ciri-cirinya), biasanya tergolong deskriptif, sedangakan kalau objeknya berlaku general/umum ( diungkapkan kegunaanya, kebiasaanya, dsb) biasanya tergolong report.
Istilah-isGlah penting yang perlu diketahui da/am Descriptive Genre:
ü Specific/individual participant: tokoh cerita bersifat spesifik atau khusus, yang mengacu pada satu buah subjek dan tidak berlaku pada semua/general.
ü Attributive and identifying process: keterangan tambahan dari subjek yang kita sebutkan, misainya penggunaan adjective clause, adjective phrase, ataupun penggunaan LINKING VERB.
ü Relational Process disebut juga dengan istilah "Linking verb" (Kata kerja penghubung} yang berguna untuk menghubungkan subject dengan pelengkap (sebagai subject complement), misalnya, to be (is, am, are, was, were) taste, look, seem, beccfr,s,smc!t, consist of, derive from, function as,etc.
ü Classifier in Nominal group: Penggunaan kata-kata bilangan ataupun jumlah. bilangan untuk pengklasifikasian subjek , misainya: one of..., many of...
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Generally when we write, we want to describe our subject very clearly. When finished reading the description, the reader should be able to see the subject in his or her mind clearly as you see it in yours. Imagine, for example, that you want to describe your parents to a new friend. In your mind you have a very clear picture of your parents, including the soft lines around your father's eyes and the happy chuckle of your mother's laugh. Your friend however has no past images of your parents. He or she must rely on your words. Your goal, then, is to use enough carefully chosen, specific details in your description so that your friends could pick your parents out of a group of people.
When describing a subject, one can use two kinds of details: Objective details and subjective details. Objective details are those that describe (actual information about the subject based on the five senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing). There is no emotion or opinion in objective details; In contrast, subjective details are those that express the readers’ personal opinion on the subject. The details do not have to be based on factual information.
Social function/Communicative Approach/ Purpose: to describe a particular person, place, or thing.
Generic Structure/ Text organization:
ü General classification: introduces the topic .
ü Description: provides details of the topic such as parts, quantities or qualities, characteristics
Language Features:
ü Focus on specific participants
ü Use of attributive and identifying process (linking verbs, such as taste, smell, appear, look)
ü Use of simple present tense
ü Frequent use of classifier in nominal group
Borobudur
Classificaation
Borobudur is a Hindu-Buddhist temple built in the 9th century under the Sailendra dynasty of, Java. It is located near Magelang on the island of Java, Indonesia.
Description
Abandoned in the 11th century and partially excavated by archaeologists in the early 20th century, Borobudur’ temple is well-known all over the world. Influenced by the Gupta architecture of India, the temple is constructed on a hill 46 m (150 ft) high and consists of eight step-like stone terraces, one on top of the other. The first five terraces are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Buddhist sculpture in bas-relief; the upper three aid circular, each with a circle of bell shaped stupas (Buddhist shrines). The entire edifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4,8 km of passages and stairways. The design of Borobudur, a temple-mountain symbolizing the structure of the universe, influenced temples built at Angkor, Cambodia.
Borobudur, rededicated as an Indonesian national monument in 1983, is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text berbentuk report adalah menginformasikan, menggambarkan, mendeskripsikan, atau mengklasifikasikan suatu fenomena yang ada di lingkingan kita baik itu berupa benda, tanaman, binatang dsb yang bersifat umum. Text berbentuk report ini hamper sama dengan Deskriptive, yang membedakannya hanya terletak pada subjeknya. Report biasanya berlaku general/umum sedangkan deskriptif bersifat khusus.
Istilah penting dalam Report genre;
Ø Generic participant: tokoh cerita bersifat umum/general berlaku pada semua.
Ø No temporal sequence: tidak menggunakan kata-kata penghubung waktu seperti; firstly, second, third, dsb.
Ø Relational process disebut juga dengan istilah Linking Verbs yang menghubungkan subjek pelengkap, misalnya;to be, consist of, function as, derive from, to be classified into, to be identified as, etc.
Ø Special Nouns: penggunaan kata benda khusus untuk menunjukkan cirri-ciri dari subjek seperti; features, forms, functions, species, etc.
Ø Special technical terms: penggunaan kata-kata khusus, misalnya; bagian tubuh (brain, vein, etc), bagian batang ( steem, root,etc).
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Social function/Communicative Approach/Purpose: To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made, and social phenomena in our environment.
Generic Structure/Text Organization;
Ø Title : indicate the topic of the report
Ø General statement : introduces the topic of the report
Ø Description : provides the details of topic such as Physical
appearance, behavior, landform and uses (typically
organized in paragraph.
Language Features:
Ø Simple present tense
Ø Use of relational process
Ø Use of special nouns that denotes the character of things
Ø Use of special technical terms
Ø No temporal sequences
TEXT MODELLING
TITLE
TORNADOS
General classification
A tornado is a powerful, twisting windstorm. It is one of the most destructive of all the storms that we have seen on earth. A tornado is also called a waterspout.
Description
o Parts
o Qualities
o Habit/behavior
A tornado is a long cloud which comes down from the sky. It likes a funnel and consists of wind which whirls around and around extremely fast. In fact, the wind can reach a speed of more than 900 km per hour.
Weather scientists are unable to know exactly when tornados will occur. Fortunately, the tornado is not usually very big and it does not last long.
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text bergenre EXPLANATION adalah menjelaskan bagaimana sesuatu itu terjadi dan mengapa hal tersebut terjadi dengan menggunakan alur kronologis kejadian (proses) yang jelas sehingga pembaca dapat dengan mudah memahaminya. Misal, bagaimana proses terjadinya tsunami, mengapa gempa bumi bisa terjadi, bagaimana proses terjadinya fotosintesis, dll. Biasanya untuk membantu pembaca agar dengan mudah dan komprehensif dalam memahami isi teks, penulis banyak menggunakan kalimat pasif.
Istilah-istilah penting dalam EXPLANATION Genre :
§ Generic/non-human participant : yang diceritakan bersifat umum/general (bisa siapa saja) dan kebanyakan bukan pelaku manusia, namun berupa proses terjadinya sesuatu.
§ Material Process : disebut juga dengan istilah “Action Verb” yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh, misalnya : makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swam/swum), dll.
§ Relational Process disebut juga dengan istilah “Linking Verb” (Kata kerja penghubung) yang berguna untuk menghubungkan subjek dengan pelengkap (sebagai Subject Complement). misalnya, to be (is,am,are,was,were) taste, look, seem, become, smell, consist of, derive from, function as, etc..
§ Temporal conjunction/Temporal circumstance : konjungsi/kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian satu dengan yang lain, misalnya firstly, then, next, afterthat, meanwhile, at that time, etc.
§ Causal conjunction : konjungsi atau kata penghubung yang menerangkan sebab atau asal muasal suatu kejadian, contohnya because, As, Since, For, Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/ As a result of, etc.
§ Complex sentence : disebut juga kalimat majemuk bertingkat
B.
TEXT SUMMARY
EXPLANATION tells how and why things occur in scientific and technical fields. It may include visual image to make the reader understand more easily.
Social function/ Communicative Approach/ Purpose: to explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural and socio-cultural phenomena
Generic Structure/ Text organization :
§ General statement: to position the reader
§ A sequenced explanation of WHY and HOW something occurs
§ Closing(optional)
Language Features :
§ Focus on generic, non human participants
§ Use mainly of temporal, causal circumstances and conjunction
§ Use of material processes (action verbs) and relational processes
§ Use of passive voice
§ Use of simple present tense mainly complex sentence.
1. TEXT MODELLING
General Statement to position the reader
Okay, do you know who or what helps your body take oxygen from the air? Right, respiratory system. Can you tell me the most important organs in the respiratory system? Yes, your nose, mouth, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm.
Respiratory System, in anatomy and physiology, are organs that deliver oxygen to the circulatory system for transport to all body cells. The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide in a two-phase process called respiration.
Sequenced Explanations
The first phase of respiration begins with breathing in, or inhalation. Inhalation brings air from outside the body into the lungs. Oxygen in the air moves from the lungs through blood vessels to the heart, which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body. Oxygen then moves from the bloodstream into cells, which completes the first phase of respiration. In the cells, oxygen is used in a separate energy-producing process called cellular respiration, which produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct.
The second phase of respiration begins with the movement of carbon dioxide from the cells to the bloodstream. The bloodstream; carries carbon dioxide to the heart, which pumps the carbon dioxide-laden blood to the lungs.
Closing
In the lungs, breathing out, or exhalation, removes carbon dioxide from the body, thus completing the respiration cycle. Do you understand so far? Well sorry. Time is up so see you tomorrow, bye.
“Allah akan senantiasa memenuhi keperluan seseorang selama
yang bersangkutan bersedia pula memenuhi keperluan saudaranya”
(H.R. At-Thabrani)
A. FLASH LIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk PROCEDURE adalah sebuah bentuk wacana yang berisi tentang bagaimana cara membuat sesuatu (misalnya bagaimana cara membuat nasi goreng, membuat telur mata sapi, membuat juice alpukat, dll) atau bagaimana cara melakukan sesuatu (misalnya bagaimana cara mengoperasikan komputer, menambal ban bocor, menginstal program software ke dalam komputer, dsb.) dengan menggunkan prosedur/tata cara urutan tertentu dalam bahasa teknis/praktis.
Istilah-istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam Narative Genre:
ü Generalized human agents: topik cerita atau subjek cerita berlaku pada semua general.
ü Material process: disebut juga dengan istilah “action verb: yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh, misalnya: makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swam/swum), dll
ü Temporal conjunction: konjungsi/kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian satu dengan yang lain, misalnya: firstly, then, next, after that, meanwhile, at that time, etc.
ü Imperative: disebut juga kalimat perintah, yaitu sebuah kalimat yang berguna untuk menyuruh seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu dengan menggunakan kata kerja dasar.
B. TEXT SUMMARY
PROCEDURES helps us (1) do a task or (2) make some thing. They can be a set of instruction or direction. They describe how something is accomplished through a sequence/order/step. The sequence of orders is marked by the word of sentence connectors.
SENTENCE CONNECTORS used to express procedure:
First of all _____________
Then ______________
Next _____________
After that _____________
Finally ___________
Meanwhile _______________
Make sure you ____________
Be careful not to _______________
Remember to ___________
Don’t forget to ____________
Social function/communicative purpose: to describe how something is accomplished through a sequence/order/step.
Generic structure/text organization:
v Goal
v Materials needed (optional)
v Step: series of action in certain sequence 1-n
Language features:
v Focus on generalized human agents
v Use of imperatives
v Use of material process (action verb) to tell what happened in technical terms
v Use mainly of temporal conjunction (first, second,….finally) or numbering to indicate sequence.
When telling people how to do things, we are use imperative/command (kalimat perintah) by using bare infinitive (V1) for positive and don’t V1 for negative:
e.g.:
ü Don’t go away
ü Fold the paper
ü Push the green button to operate the machine
ü Don’t break the eggs
v TEXT MODELLING
Goal SHRIMP BALL SOUP
Materials Needed Ingredients:
600 g shrimps, peeled 400 straw mushrooms
1 stalk celery
2 slices carrot 1 cup broth
Seasoning
A. 1/4 teaspoon salt
1 egg white
1 tablespoon corn starch
B. 1 teaspoons soy sauce
1/4 teaspoons sesame oil
Steps Instructions
1. First, chop up shrimps and add seasoning. Mix until pasty.
2. Then, cut mushrooms into pieces and celery into short lengths.
3. Roll shrimp mixture into balls.
4. Next, pour broth into pot and bring to boil.
5. Add shrimp balls and cook for 8 minutes.
6. Then, add straw mushrooms and carrot, when broth begins to boil again, add B seasoning.
7. Finally, serve it in a serving bowl.
PROSET 2
TEXT 1
Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta is one of the nicest places I have ever visited. II is a city in south of Java Island. It is a pupular holiday resort for people who like cultural and historical sites.
Yogyakarta is a small city but there are lots of different things to see there are many temples in the province, such as Prambanan, Kalasan, and Sambi Sari. There are also two palaces that we must not miss, Hamengkubuwono and Paku Alam palace. Yogyakarta is a tropical city. There are lots of palm trees and other tropical fruit trees. There are also beautiful beaches, such as Parangtritis, Krakal, Kukup, Glagah. It is not difficult to get around the city at the day because taxis and buses are easily found. Unfortunately, there is no bus in the evening. The only way to see the nightlife of the city is by taxi, but it is rare at night.
1. What is the social function of the text?
a. To retell an event
b. To persuade the readers to visit Yogyakarta
c. To describe Yogyakarta
d. To share with others or the readers
e. To deal with the experience of the writer when
2. Which one is incorrect about Yogyakarta?
a. 11 has two palaces, Hamengkubuwono and Paku Alam Palace
b. It has cultural and historical sites
c. Prambanan is one of the temples in Yogyakarta
d. There are many taxis and buses at the day and at night
e. It is located in south of Java island.
3. The text above is classified into a/an...
a. recount
b. narrative
c. report
d. news item
e. descriptive
4. The text is written in the form of...
a. simple present tense
b. pact simple tense
c. present continuous tense
d. past perfect tense
e. present future tense
5. The schematic structure of the text above is...
a. general identification — description
b. news worthy event— background— source
c. orientation — events — reorientation
d. goal— steps
e. orientation crisis resolution
6. The main idea of paragraph two is...
a. Yogyakarta is one of the nicest places the writer has ever visited
b. Yogyakarta is a small city but there are lots of different thing to see
c. Hamengkubuwono and Paku Alam palace
d. The only way to see the nightlife is by taxi
e. Yogyakarta is a tropical city
TEXT 2
Insects are small creatures. They have no bones, but have six legs. Insects live everywhere, in the house, in the garden, in the field and in many other places. Insects are not always bad as sometimes people think. Bad insects are for instance flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. Such insects are not only bad but sometimes also dangerous. Flies like to live on rubbish and other dirty places. They may cause disease such as typhus, cholera etc. a certain type of mosquito brings malaria.
Some insects are very useful to people, for example; bees which produce honey. Bees like to fly one flower to other flowers. When a bee moves from one flower to other flower, this may cause the produce seeds.
Bees are not usually dangerous, except you make them angry. If you disturb bees, they will be angry. And if they are angry, they will fly to attack you wherever you go. This is very dangerous.
7. What is genre of the text above…?
a. narrative
b. procedure
c. news item
d. descriptive
e. report
8. What insects are dangerous for our health…?
a. Mosquitoes which make people angry.
b. Certain type of bees and flies.
c. Insect which live on dirty places.
d. Insects which like to fly among the flowers.
e. Insects which produce honey.
9. What is the main idea of paragraph 3…?
a. Bees will disturb people if they are angry.
b. Bees always attack when people disturb them.
c. Bees fly to attack people whenever they do.
d. Bees are not usually dangerous.
e. Bees can’t fly as high as other insects.
10. What does the word ‘they’ (par.3) refer to…?
a. Flowers
b. Bees
c. Seeds
d. Mosquitoes
e. Creatures
11. Flies may cause disease because…?
a. They disturb us
b. They are bad insects
c. They are dirty
d. They live on rubbish
e. They bring malaria
12. They are dangerous insects, except…?
a. Cockroach
b. Bees
c. Mosquito
d. Flies
e. Crocodile
TEXT 3
Speech Production
Speech production is made possible by the specialized movements of our vocal organs that generate speech sounds waves.
Like all sound production, speech production requires a source of energy. The source of energy for speech production is the steady stream of air that comes from the lungs as we exhale. When we breathe normally, the air stream is inaudible. To become audible, the air stream must vibrate rapidly. The vocal cords cause the air stream to vibrate.
As we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly, chopping up the steady air stream into a series of puffs. These puffs are heard as a buzz. But this buzz is still not speech.
To produce speech sounds, the vocal tract must change shape. During speech we continually alter the shape of the vocal track by moving the tongue and lips, etc. These movements change the acoustic properties of the vocal tract, which in turn produce the different sounds of speech.
13. The writer mostly uses the…in arranging the text.
a. simple past tense
b. simple present tense
c. present continuous tense
d. past perfect tense
e. present future
14. The communicative purpose of the text above is…
a. to present arguments for and against about Speech Production
b. to retell an event dealing with Speech Production
c. to entertain the readers
d. to explain the process through a sequence explanation
e. to share with others about an unusual event
15. The source of energy for speech production is the steady stream of air that comes from the lungs as we exhale (par. 2). The underlined word means…
a. breathe in
b. breathe out
c. keep out
d. look for
e. look up
TEXT 4
Whales
Whales are sea-living mammals
They therefore breathe air but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale, which can exceed 30m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is 84 vertical) and it has a single nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in thickness and serves to conserve heat and body fluids.
16. The genre of the text above is a/an…
a. report
b. descriptive
c. news item
d. exposition
e. explanation
17. The communicative purpose of the text is….
a. to describe the way whales are
b. to describe whales
c. to criticize an artwork
d. to persuade readers
e. to explain the process
18. Some species are very large indeed. The underlined word means…
a. really
b. huge
c. wildly
d. fierce
e. enjoyably
19. Which of the following is correct?
a. Whales are a kind of fish
b. The blue whale is the largest animal on earth
c. The blue whale can reach more than 30 meters in length
d. The skin is rough
e. The skin is shiny
TEXT 5
Tom was at the bus station. He didn’t know the way to the air port. Therefore, he asked Andi, his friend, how to get there by sending him an SMS. No sooner, Andy replied “Go out of the station and turn left. At the end of the road, turn left into Liberty Street. Go under the railway and turn left again. Cary on until you get to the T-junction. Turn left and go straight ahead the street”.
20. What is the communicative purpose of the text?
a. to describe particular events
b. to give direction
c. to entertain the readers
d. to retell an events
e. to share with others
21. This text can be classified into a/an ……genre.
a. describe
b. procedure
c. narrative
d. recount
e. anecdote
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text bergenre DISCUSSION adalah menyajikan minimal dua buah sudut pandang yang berbeda dari satu buah permasalahan yang masih kontroversial atau DEBATABLE/CONTROVERSIAL ISSUE. Dua sudut pandang tersebut yaitu PRO (FOR) untuk pihak yang setuju dan KONTRA (AGAINST) untuk pihak yang tidak setuju. Masing-masing sudut pandang harus disertai dengan penjelasan atau elaborasi argumentasi yang bisa diterima oleh pembaca. Untuk mempertentangkan pendapat yang satu dengan yang lain, biasanya terdapat konjungsi pertentangan antara lain : on the other hand, on the contrary, on the other side, differently, nevertheless, etc.
Istilah-istilah penting dalam DISCUSSION Genre :
§ Generic human/generic non-human participant : yang didiskusikan adalah orang atau sesuatu yang bersifat umum/general (bisa siapa saja) yang penting dapat menimbulkan persoalan yang multitafsir.
§ Relational Process disebut juga dengan istilah “Linking Verb” (Kata kerja penghubung) yang berguna untuk menghubungkan subject dengan pelengkap (sebagai Subject Complement). misalnya, to be (is,am,are,was,were) taste, look, seem, become, smell, consist of, derive from, function as, etc.
§ Mental Process disebut juga “Thinking Verb” yaitu kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan persepti panca indra atau persepsi batiniah, misalnya guess, think, feel, etc.
§ Additional conjunctives : yaitu kata penghubung untuk menambahkan ide atau gagasan yang telah disampaikan sebelumnya, misalnya: as well as, in additition, moreover, furthermore, besides, etc.
§ Contrastive Conjunction: yaitu konjungsi yang berguna untuk mempertentangkan antara gagasan yang satu dengan gagasan yang lain, misalnya on the other hand, differently, on the contrary, etc.
§ Causal conjunction: konjungsi atau kata penghubung yang merangkan sebab atau asal muasal suatu kejadian, contohnya because, As, Since, For, Because of/ Due to/ Owing to/As a result of, etc.
§ Modalities: seperti penggunaan perhaps, must, should, etc
§ Adverbial manner : yaitu penggunaan kata keterangan cara melakukan sesuatu, misalnya hopefully, deliberately,considerably, etc.
B.
TEXT SUMMARY
DISCUSSIONS are used to look at more than one side of an issue. Discussions allow us to explore various perspectives before coming to an informed decision.
Social function/ Communicative Approach/ Purpose: to present (at least) two points of view about an issue.
Generic Structure/ Text organization :
Issue : The controversial topic
Arguments : for (pro) point and elaboration and against (contra) point and elaboration
Conclusion or recommendation
Language Features :
Focus on generic human and generic non human participants.
Use of relational processes (linking verbs)
Use of thinking verbs( mental process)
Use of additional and contrastive connector, such as moreover, in addition, although, nevertheless, etc.
Use of causal or reasoning connectives(because or because of)
v TEXT MODELLING
Title
Is X – Ray Examination Necessary
Issue
Students, can you show me your hands? Right! Now can ) show me your head? Excellent! But..... Can you show me what is inside your stomach? Hm.... Can you show me your lungs? No…? Why? Yeah, you're right. Because they are inside our body, what do you think, how can we see the internal parts of our body? Yes. We use X-Ray. So, what is X-Ray? Does anybody know? No...? Well, X-Ray is a spectrum of light. It is radiated to body. It is used for detecting our internal body organs. Do I make myself clear? Well, Let me continue, where can you find X-Ray? Yes, that's right. It is in a hospital. And do you know who invented X-Ray? Does anybody know? No? Oh come on... Nobody remembers the name? Well, X-Ray was invented by a German scientist, William Conrad Rontgen. Where was I? Oh, O.K. Hm… When do people use X-ray? Correct. When they are ill. I mean when there is something with their internal parts of the body. Can you give examples of illnesses? When people suffer these diseases they need X-Ray to check. Yes, cancer, ...kidney trouble, ...heart trouble, ...tumor, etc.
Arguments “for”
Students do you know that there are many opinions concerning the use of X-Ray and others don't agree to the use of X-Ray?
Well, some people agree that X- Ray examination is beneficial.
Elaboration
They say that doctors should use X-Ray in examining a severe illness. If doctors don't use the X-Ray, they will miss some important information which is very useful in making a diagnose on the patient's disease. And this will sometimes cause the doctor inaccurate in prescribing the medicine to cure the illness.
Arguments “against”
Not all patients agree with the use of X-Ray examination, however.
Elaboration
Do you know why? Cues what? They think that using X-Ray examination will cost them a lot of money. That's really true. Another reason is the radiation of X-Ray has some risks to the body tissues.
Conclusion
Well, As a result of this controversy, many people are planning a traditional health cure to avoid the high cost of hospital care. Whereas hospitals insist on having X-Ray examinations on patients to get an accurate diagnose although the cost is very high.
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text bergenre news item (berita) adalah menginformasikan kepada publik tentang peristiwa yang sedang aktual dan dianggap penting untuk dijadikan berita (newsworthy) baik itu dalam surat kabar, radio, televisi, ataupun majalah.
Istilah-istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam news item genre:
§ Material Process disebut juga dengan istilah “action verb” yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh, misalnya: makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swam/swum),dll.
§ Behavioral process disebut juga dengan istilah lain “verbal process” atau “speaking verbs” misalnya, say, tell, speak, etc.
B.
TEXT SUMMARY
Communicative Approach/social function/purpose:
§ To inform the readers, listeners, or viewer/audience about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Generic Structure/Text structure organization
§ Newsworthy events : recount the event in summary form
§ Background events : elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstance
§ Sources : comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities expert on the event
Language features:
§ Short, telegraphic information, about it story captured in headline
§ Use of material processes (action verbs) to retell the events
§ Use of verbal process (said, told etc.)
§ Focus on circumstance
1. TEXT MODELLING
Read the following text carefully.
Man Jailed for striking RI Maid
Newsworthy events
SINGAPORE: A supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote control, news reports said on Thursday.
Background event 1
Muhammad Shafiq Wan Abdullah admitted in a Singapore court he physically abused the woman on several occasion between June and October 2002, The Straits Times said.
Background event 2
The magistrate’s court heard that Syafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.
Background event 3
He hit her on the head with the TV set’s remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On one occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming.
Source
S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said his client lost his “better senses” when he saw his daughter’s face covered as she lay in bed.
He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger.
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk hortatory exposition adalah text yang memaparkan dan mempengaruhi pembaca/pendengar bahwa sesuatu seharusnya demikian atau tidak demikian.
Istilah-istilah yang perlu diperhatikan :
Ø Generic human & non human participant: yang diceritakan bersifat umum/general (bias apa saja) yang penting bias mempengaruhi audience.
Ø Mental Process : disebut juga “Thinking Verb” yaitu kata kerja yang berhubungan dengan persepsi panca indera / persepsi batiniah, misalnya: guest, think, feel, dsb.
Ø Material Process : disebut juga “Action Verb” yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh, misalnya : makan (eat, ate, eaten), tidur (sleep, slept), berenang (swim, swam,swum)
Ø Relational Process : disebut juga dengan istilah “Linking Verb” (Kata Kerja penghubung) yang berguna untuk menghubungkan subjek dengan pelengkap ( sbg subject complement).
B. TEXT SUMMARY
Social Function/ Communication Approach/ Purpose: to persuade the reader or the listener that something should or should not be the case.
Generic Structure/ Text Organisation:
Ø a Thesis (announcement of issue concern)
Ø Arguments (giving reasons for concern, leading to recommendation) .
Ø Recommendation (stating what ought or ought not to happen)
Language Features:
Ø Focus on generic human and non human participant, except for speaker or writer referring to self.
Ø Use of Mental Process
Ø Use of Material Process
Ø Use of Relational Process
Ø Use of Simple Present Tense
Ø Use compound and complex sentences
A. Text Modelling
Read the following text carefully
Generic Structure
THESIS :
Announcement of issue concern
ARGUMENT
Reasons for concern that lead to recommendation
ARGUMENT
ARGUMENT
RECOMMENDATION
Statement of what ought or ought not to happen
CRIME IN CITIES
Crime is a serious problem in big cities and it is getting worse every year. This is what police departments around the country said in their reports last week. The subways are more dangerous. The streets are more dangerous. You may not even be safe in your own home.
Why is the problem so serious now? This is not an easy question to answer. There may not be a single answer. Many problems seem to make cities so dangerous.
One of the problems is money. To fight crime a city needs police officers, cars and guns. These cost a lot of money. But right now cities do not have much extra money. So, there are not enough police officers, cars and guns for the cities.
Another problem is drugs. Crime studies show that many criminals use and sell drugs. After they start taking drugs, they want to have more. How ever, drugs are very expensive. So, these people may sell drugs to other people to make money or they may steal money to get more drugs.
There is an even more important cause of crime. Cities have rich and poor neighborhoods. In the poor neighborhoods, jobs are hard to find. Many young people don't have much hope for a better life. They only know one way to make a better living for themselves. That way is to sell drugs or steal. So, some of these young people become criminals.
It is not going to be easy to change these crime problems. We must first change many of the laws about drugs. We must change the way cities spend their money. Until then, the crime problem will not go away and we will live our Jive in fear.
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk Analytical Exposition adalah teks yang memaparkan / berisi ajakan pada pembaca atau pendengar bahwa ada masalah yang tentunya perlu mendapat perhatian. Misalnya, pentingnya belajar bahasa Inggris, pentingnya perpustakaan,dsb.
Istilah- istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam Analitycal Exposition Genre :
Ø Generic human & non human participant: yang diceritakan bersifat umum/general (bias apa saja) yang penting bias mempengaruhi audience
Ø Relational Process : disebut juga dengan istilah “Linking Verb” (Kata Kerja penghubung) yang berguna untuk menghubungkan subjek dengan pelengkap ( sbg subject.
Ø Causal Conjunction : Konjungsi / kata penghubung yang menerangkan sebab/ asal muasal suatu kejadian, contohnya: because, because of, since, for.
Ø Internal conjunction :
B. TEXT SUMMARY
An analytical exposition text is designed to persuade the reader or listener that something in case or to analyse or explain.
Social Function/ Communication Approach/ Purpose :
Ø to persuade by presenting arguments
Ø to analyse or explain
Generic Structure / Text Organization :
1. Thesis
v Position : Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
v Preview : Outlines the main arguments to be presented.
2. Arguments Point
v Point : restate main arguments outlined in preview.
v Elaboration : develops and supports each point/argument
3. Reiteration : Restates writer’s position
Language Features:
Ø Focus on generic human and non human participant
Ø Use of Relational Process
Ø Use of Internal Conjunction to state argument such as: firstly, however, on the other hand, therefore
Ø Use compound and complex sentences
Ø Use Causal Conjunction
Ø Use of present tense
1. Text Modelling
Read the following text carefully
BEING FAT IS A SERIOUS PROBLEM
Do you know if you are too fat, you may have serious problems with your health? A group of doctors wrote a report about some of the effects of too much fat.
One important effect is on the heart. If you are fat, your heart has to work harder. This may lead to a heart attack; or it may lead to other heart problem.
In addition, extra fat can also change the amount of sugar in your blood. This can cause serious disease such as diabetes.
Furthermore high blood pressure is another possible
result of being fat.
More studies are needed about all these problems but one thing is clear, extra fat may make your life shorter.
(Q.S. Yusuf: 86)
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text bergenre review adalah memberikan penilaian terhadap hasil karya seni atau sastra berupa kritikan atau pujian. Biasanya text bergenre review berupa ulasan atau resensi terhadap karya sastra/seni. Karya-karya tersebut dapat berbentuk: film, drama, buku, sandiwara/pertunjukan, lagu, konser, dll.
Istilah-istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam Review Genre:
§ Particular participant: Biasanya berupa judul karya seni/sastra. Tokoh cerita bersifat spesifik atau khusus, yang mengacu pada satu atau beberapa individu dan tidak berlaku pada semua/general.
§ Metaphorical language: Gaya bahasa metafora yang berupa perbandingan antara dua hal tanpa menggunakan kata-kata pembanding ( seperti, laksana, bagaikan, dsb.)
§ Complex sentence: Kalimat kompleks, yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dari induk kalimat (main clause) dan anak kalimat (dependent clause).
§ Adjective of appraisal: Ungkapan yang digunakan untuk memberikan penilaian terhadap karya sastra baik yang berupa pujian atau kritikan.
B.
TEXT SUMMARY
Text yang bergenre Review banyak sekali menggunakan bahasa metafora atau menggantikan benda yang satu dengan menyebut benda lain tanpa menggunakan kata-kata pembanding: seperti, bagaikan, laksana, dll. Metafora hampir sama dengan gaya bahasa simile, namun, tidak seperti metafora, simile banyak menggunakan kata-kata :seperti, bagaikan
Metaphorical Expressions: to compare the similarity of the two different objects of art works (untuk membandingkan persamaan dua buah hasil karya sastra)
A = B
You are my life
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut:
Spiderman 2 reminds me somewhat of Superman, in whichh Clark Kent struggles with his secret power.
The analogy is:
Spiderman 2 = Superman
Struggles with his secret power Struggles with his secret power
Dari contoh di atas penulis membandingkan film Spiderman 2 dan Superman bahwa kedua film tersebut punya persamaan dari tokoh cerita.
APPRAISALS
Untuk memberikan komentar tentang karya sastra, kita menggunakan Appraisals. Untuk menggunakan ungkapan tersebut kita bisa menggunakan:
· The film is better than the original book
· The film features high powered actions with excellent special effects.
· Spiderman movie was a huge hit with kids
· Kirsten Dusnt is still the ideal Mary Jane.
· Alfred Molina is excellent as Helen.
· The scene of the drama touches our heart.
· “Batman Forever” is an excellent movie.
Communicative Approach/social function/purpose:
§ To critique an art work or event for public audience
§ To summarize, analyze, and respond to art works (movie, film, book, plays, etc)
Generic Structure/Text structure organization
§ Orientation : background information on the text
§ Interpretative recount : summary an art work, including characters and plot
§ Evaluation : concluding statement, judgment, opinion, or recommendation
§ Evaluative Summation: the last opinion consisting of the appraisals
Language features:
§ Focus on specific or individual participant (name of the artworks)
§ Use of metaphorical languages
§ Use of simple present tense (to express the evaluation)
§ Use of simple past (to tell the past event of the summary)
§ Use of complex sentence
§ Use of direct adjectives of appraisals ( good, bad, quite bad)
1. TEXT MODELLING
Read the following text carefully.
OST (original Soundtrack) of Brownies
Generic Structure
Language Features
Name of the art work
orientation
“Bisa Saja” is choosen as the first single of the album and theme song of BROWNIES, since the lyric reflects the story in the movie.
Present tense
Evaluation 1
Budjana of GIGI demonstrates his skills in playing acoustic guitar in “Cinta Terakhir). Three other band new song, “Dilema”, “Jangan Bilang Pacarku” and “Semua orang berhak mandapat rasa bahagia”, give supporting nuances to the movie flow as GIGI composed them by imagining how the scenes would look like based on the screenplay.
Interpretative recount
When Hanung Bramanyo (the director) and Dewa Budjan of GIGI chatted, Budjana expressed his interest in making a soundtrack album. Then, he recommended a few of GIGI songs, which the producer accepted because of the chemistry they created with the movie. Since GIGI can provide a variety of colors to add all kinds of musical nuances to enrich the movie, the producer deemed it unnecessary to find other musicians to complete OST of Brownies.
Evaluation 2
Armand Maulana (Vocal) I Gede Dewa Budjana (guitar), Thomas Ramdhan (bas), and Gusti Erhandy (drums-stand-in player for Budhy Haryono) put a lot of effort into this album. As a result, they’ve created perfect blend of movie and songs that makes BROWNIES tastier.
metaphorical expression
appraisal
Evaluative Summation
It’s always fun to have a piece of Brownies in your mouth. But having it in your stereo set is more entertaining. No movie is perfect without musical score and OST of Brownies has proved it excellent.
“...Sesungguhnya hanyalah kepada Allah aku mengadukan kesusahan
dan kesedihanku dan aku mengetahui dari Allah
apa yang kau tiada mengetahuinya.”
(Q.S. Yusuf: 86)
A.
FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text bergenre commentary adalah menjelaskan proses perubahan bentuk suatu objek atau fenomena alam dan sosial budaya. Perubahan bentuk tersebut terjadi dalam kurun waktu yang lama dan lambat atau bersifat evolusi.
Istilah-istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam commentary genre:
§ Generic non human participant: Tokoh cerita bersifat umum dan biasanya bukan berupa manusia
§ Material process disebut juga dengan istilah “Action verb” yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh, misalnya: makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swam/swum), dll.
§ Relational Process disebut juga dengan istilah “Linking verb” (Kata kerja penghubung) yang berguna untuk menghubungkan subjek dengan pelengkap (sebagai Subject Complement). misalnya, to be (is, am, are, was, were) taste, look, seem, become, smell, consist of, derive from, function as, etc.
§ Temporal conjunction: Konjungsi/kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian satu dengan yang lain, misalnya firstly, then, next, after that, meanwhile, at that time, etc.
§ Temporal circumstance: Keterangan waktu, misalnya Once, once upon time, etc.
B.
TEXT SUMMARY
Communicative Approach/social function/purpose:
§ To explain the process involved in the formation (evolution) of a socio cultural phenomenon, as though a natural phenomenon.
Generic Structure/Text structure organization
§ General statement
§ Sequenced explanation: evolution step 1
§ Sequenced explanation: evolution step 2
§ Sequenced explanation: evolution step 3
Language features:
§ Focus on generic non human participant
§ Use of relational process (linking verbs)
§ Use of simple past to trace the evolution
§ Use of material process/action verbs
§ Use of temporal and causal circumstance and conjunction
TEXT MODELLING
Read the following text carefully.
COMPUTER
General statement
Do you know what computers are? Many people and offices use computers to make their duties faster easier to do. Can you imagine that computers that we use nowadays are very different from an early machine?
Evolution step 1
More than 150 years ago, an English mathematician named Charles Babbage began to build the first computer. He called it the Analytical Engine. But he was not able to finish his project. His dreams of building a computer had come too early. Some of the parts needed for his machine had not been invented.
Evaluation 2
Evolution step 2
For many years, scientists studied Mr. Babbage’s plans and ideas. Then, in the early 1940’s, an American named Howard Aiken built the first modern electric-powered computer. It was named Mark 1, but Mr. Aiken nicknamed it “Babbage’s Dream Come True” Mark 1 was huge and noisy. It was 13.7 m long, 2.4 m high, and had a million different parts. It could only do two addition problems per second.
Evolution step 3
Today’s computers are much quieter and smaller than those early machines. They also work much faster. Some can do more than a million, draw a picture, or learn math facts.
Proset 3
TEXT 1
To improve comfort and cleanliness at our school, a number of dust bins should be increased.
When we look at classrooms, school corridors and school yard, there are papers, mineral water cups, and napkins here and there. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really hinders learning and teaching environment. Litters thrown carelessly cause disease, especially empty plastic cups or glasses. They can be filled out with water coming from the rain. This can be placed for dengue mosquitoes to spread out. Besides, these rubbish can deteriorate the scene. Well painted wall and green school yard do not mean anything if litters are scattered everywhere.
Anyway I notice that most of the students in our school have responsibilities for their school environment. They put their litters on the proper places. But some are not diligent enough to find the dust bins. The numbers of dust bins in our schools are not enough. More dust bins should be put beside each of steps, outside of the classroom, and some more along the corridors. Probably one dust bin should be in every ten meters. So when students want to throw away their litters, they can find the dust bins easily.
When school is equipped with sufficient dust bins, we do not have problems of filth and discomfort anymore. Our school will be very clean and become a nice place to study.
01. What is the writer’s intention? To….readers to do something good.
(A) inform
(B) explain
(C) describe
(D) entertain
(E) persuade
02. According to the writer, more dust bins….in every ten meters.
(A) should be decorated
(B) should be painted
(C) should be placed
(D) are unnecessary
(E) are not required
03. What is the writer’s argument on a sufficient number of dust bins?
(A) They can prevent litters
(B) They can save the janitor’s energy
(C) Students are asked to clean them
(D) They make school environment neat
(E) Students can throw garbage away easily
04. What is the writer’s suggestion?
(A) To buy more dustbins
(B) To hire more gardeners
(C) To use dustbins efficiently
(D) To ask parents to give more dustbins
(E) To ask the students to clean the school yard
05. The condition of uncleanliness and discomfort really hinders learning and teaching environment. The underlined word means….
(A) increases
(B) spreads out
(C) imitates
(D) forces
(E) bothers
TEXT 2
Career Women
In modern world, women have the benefit from the wider chance of getting a career outside their household sphere. Many women , however, have some difficulties deciding whether they will pursue a career or not. Some of them stay at their offices, while at same time they act as a housewife. But, the others choose to concentrate their attention to their household only.
Being a career women offers the advantages of a wider chance of self actualization. They can widen their knowledge and developed their capacity. For example, many women do not know exactly what is their talent before they start a career. But then, after they have a career they know which field they can do best and which one they can not. This will help them to refocus their life goal.
Another big advantage is that they can help supporting they household's finance so that men do not become the single fighter in financing their families. For example, if a wife works, she can help her husband financing their children's educational budget, so that their children can have the best education.
Being a career women, on the other hand, has some significant disadvantages, too. They have more burdens in their life, as they have to manage their job as well as their household. For example, a female teacher has to prepare teaching material for tomorrow class while at the same time she has to think about how to handle her naughty son.
In addition, being a career women can be risky for their household. For example, many women have to spend their time more in their career as it grows more challenging, so they have only limited time left for their family, resulting in their lack of care and attention for their husband and children. The extreme impact of this situation is the broken home.
In the end, the decision that each women makes will depend on their own personal values, as well as their readiness for taking on the considerable consequences of each choice.
06. The type of the text is ....
(A) review
(B) report
(C) descriptive
(D) narrative
(E) discussion
07. In modern world, women have the benefit (p. 1) The meaning of benefit is ....
(A) power
(B) loyalty
(C) weakness
(D) advantage
(E) disadvantage
TEXT 3
MELBOURNE, Jan 22 (UPI) --- Fire authorities in four Australian states are to control bushfires fanned by strong winds and searing temperature.
The Australian reported Sunday that blazes continued in South Australia, Tasmania, Western Australia and Victoria, much of Adelide is engulfed in thick smoke. The firefighters who are confronted by blast-furnace winds try to bring the flames under control.
At Robertstown in the state’s mid-north, more than 2.500 acres have already burned. Another bushfire, started by lightening, charred the earth near Mouth Flat on the southern side of Kangoroo Island, while Ngarkat Conservation Park, in the State’s upper-southeast, is also a blaze.
The most serious fires were in Victoria, where up to six homes were destroyed by a fire near the town of Anakie, 36 miles west of Melbourne.
In Tasmania, falling temperatures and patchy rain brought some relief to firefighters, who continued to monitor 22 blazes across the state.
08. The writer wrote the text to…readers about newsworthy events in four Australian states.
(A) entertain
(B) persuade
(C) explain
(D) inform
(E) amuse
09. What is the text about?
(A) Weather effect of fires
(B) The effect of fires
(C) Fires in some areas of Australia
(D) The danger of fires
(E) The cause of fires
10. …..is also a blaze. (Par. 3).
The underlined word means….
(A) dangerous
(B) covered
(C) isolated
(D) on fire
(E) at risk
11. The reporter likely got the information from…
(A) visitors
(B) tourists
(C) commuters
(D) fire fighters
(E) homeless people
TEXT 4
MANILA (AFP): the Philippines has the most number of endemic bird species which are in danger of extinction, according to a nation wide wildlife report obtained here yesterday.
“The Philippine Red Data Book”, written by the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines, noted that the country has 40 endangered bird species, more than any other country.
This include the Cebu Flower-Pecker of which only four are known to still be alive, making it the most endangered bird in the world, the ‘Red Data’ said.
An endangered species is defined as one that has a 20% chance of becoming extinct in 20 years.
The ‘Data Book’ said the threat of extinction was due to the growing destruction of the forests which are the habitats of the birds and other wild animals, many of which are similarly endangered.
12. What is genre of the text above…?
(A) narrative
(B) procedure
(C) news item
(D) descriptive
(E) report
13. The social function of the text is …..
(A) to retell an event for the purpose of entertaining
(B) to amuse the readers and deal with actual or vicarious experience indifferent ways
(C) to present different point of views
(D) to share with other unusual incidents
(E) to inform the readers about newsworthy events
14. The text above is about…?
(A) the ‘Philippine Red Data Book’ on animal
(B) the Wildlife Conservation Society in the Philippines
(C) the number of endemic bird species still available
(D) the endangered habitats of birds in the Philippines
(E) a report about the extinction of the most endangered birds
15. According to the ‘Red Data Book’, some birds and wild animals are in danger of extinction because people…?
(A) hunt them for sport
(B) keep destroying forests
(C) move their habitats
(D) change forests into their habitats
(E) catch them to domesticated
16. Endangered species are…?
A. the forty percent of bird species in the world
B. all wild animals except the Cebu Flower-Pecker
C. birds which now remains twenty percent
D. the endemic bird species kept in the captivity
E. those predicted to be extinct within 20 years of time
17. “…the threat of extinction was due to…” (par.5). the word ‘Threat’ means…?
(A) notice
(B) warning
(C) danger
(D) statement
(E) announcement
TEXT 5
There are several things that I do not like about registration. First, it takes too long. There entire process takes the average students three hours. Second, it is too impersonal. No one knows your name, not even the counsellors who stamp their names on your registration card. Next I do not like the atmosphere where registration is held. The constant sound of voice is irritating and so are the fluorescent lights, which make everyone look a little sick. Finally, I do not like the way it is organized. Freshmen always get in last. Consequently they end up in classes at inconvenient times.
18. What type of text is used by the writer
(A) Narrative
(B) Analytical Exposition
(C) Descriptive
(D) Report
(E) Anecdote
19. The communicative purpose of the text is.....
(A) to persuade the reader about the certain case
(B) to explain the process of something
(C) to inform readers about events
(D) to amuse, entertain and to deal with experience
(E) to describe the particular thing
20. What kind of atmosphere of registration that makes the writer frustrated?
(A) it takes too long
(B) it is too impersonal
(C) the constant sound of voice
(D) no one knows our name
(E) the way it is organized
21. The text above mainly discusses about......
(A) the writer feeling of atmosphere
(B) the way of registration
(C) the writer’s problems about registration
(D) the registration card
(E) the entire process that takes three ours
TEXT 6
One of the greatest advances in modern technology has been the invention of computers. They are already widely used in industry and university, and the time may come for ordinary people to use them as well.
Computers are capable of doing extremely complicated work in all branches of learning. They can solve problems or put thousands of unrelated facts in order. These machines can put to varied uses. For instance, they can provide information on the best way to prevent traffic accidents, or they can count the number of times a certain world has been used in a book. Because they work accurately at high speeds, they save research workers years of hard work. This whole process by which machines can be used to work for us has been called automation.
In the future, automation may enable human beings to enjoy far more leisure than they do today. But, the coming of automation is bound to have important social consequences. Besides its advantages, there are negative effects—man is replaced by machines, and it means that some of the people will lose their jobs.
22. The general point of the text above is....
A. the coming of automation is bound to have important social consequences.
B. there are negative effects of the coming of automation
C. the invention of computer and automation and its advantage for human beings.
D. computer can provide many information
E. computer works accurately
23. Advances in modern technology….
A. have positive and negative effects to human beings
B. are not hoped by anybody in the world
C. always bring about advantages to human beings
D. always produce negative effects
E. are not useful for human beings
TEXT 7
Ada Apa dengan Cinta? (What’s Up with Love?) is 2002’s big hit in Indonesia. Many viewers watched it again and over again. It’s no surprise considering that the movie’s theme offers something that closely related to their life. But it’s not all about it. There are a lot of sociological concepts framed in the plot.
The director made this movie with trying as much as possible to avoid the cliché that a teen flick tends to do and he almost succeed on it. It makes this movie as a positive movie for the teenagers. It is much better than a teen movie used to be. The cast is great. Each actor plays their part decently and made the plot’s development in much style. Dian Sastrowardoyo does know how to act in front of the camera and she indeed the next best thing in Indonesia.
Technically, this movie is a mediocre. The pace is a bit slow, but in general, Ada Apa Dengan Cinta? Is respectable movie.
24. The genre of the text above is…
A. narrative
B. anecdote
C. review
D. exposition
E. description
25. The following are correct, except…
A. Ada Apa dengan Cinta? Is a 2002’s big hit in Indonesia
B. Many people watched it more than once
C. Ada Apa dengan Cinta? Contains many sociological concepts
D. Ada Apa dengan Cinta? Is lack of originality
E. Technically, Ada Apa dengan Cinta? Is a mediocre.
26. The purpose of the author writing the text above?
A. to present at two points of view.
B. to amuse the readers about the film
C. to critique and give appraisals about the film
D. to describe about the film
E. too persuade the readers about the film Sumber: http://nurmanali.blogspot.com/
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