KUMPULAN MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS SATU SMA

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KUMPULAN MATERI BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS SATU SMA


NEWS ITEM
A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk NEWS ITEM adalah mencertakan kejadian-kejadian yang patut dan penting untuk dijadikan sebuah berita. News item biasanya terdapat pada surat kabar, televise ataupun di radio misalnya berita tentang bencana Tsunami di Aceh, penangkapan seorang penjahat dan sebagainya.

Istilah-istilah penting yang perlu diketahui dalam News Item genre:
Ø Material process: disebut juga dengan istilah “action Verb” yaitu kata kerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari sitokoh. Misalnya; makan (eat/ate/eaten), tidur (sleep/slept), berenang (swim/swam/swum) dll.
Ø Verbal Process: disebut juga dngan istilah behavioral process atau Speaking Verbs. Misalnya; (say, said, told,etc).
Ø Circumstances: adalah urutan-urutan kejadian.

B. TEXT SUMMARY
Social function/Communicative Approach/Purpose: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure/Text Organization:
Ø Newsworthy Events : Recounts the events in summary form
Ø Background events : Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what
                                          circumstances
Ø Sources : Comments by participants in, witnesses to and
                                               authorities expert on the event

Language Features
Ø Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
Ø Use of Material Process to retell the even (action Verb).
Ø Use verbal Process.
Ø Focus on circumstance

1. TEXT MODELLING
Read the text carefully!
Title


Man Jailed for Striking RI Maid

News worthy Event
SINGAPORE: a supervisor was jailed for two months for repeatedly striking his Indonesian maid on the head and back with a television remote control, news report said on Thursday.

Background
Event 1
Muhammad Shaffiq Woon Abdullah admitted in a Singapore court he physically abused the woman on several occasions between June and October 2002, the Strait Times said.

Event 2
The magistrate’s court heard that Shafiq, 31, began striking Winarti, 22, about a month after she started working for him.

Event 2
He hit her on the head with the TV set’s remote control because he was unhappy with her work. On one occasion, he punched her on the back after accusing her of daydreaming
Source

S.S. Dhillon, Shafiq’s lawyer, said his client lost his “better sense” when he saw is daughter‘s face covered as she lay in bed.

He said his client thought the maid had put the child in danger. DPA


Answer these questions!
1. Why was the man jailed?
2. What makes this event newsworthy?
· _________________________

3. Find the fact why the man must be jailed!
· _________________________
· _________________________
· _________________________
· _________________________
 
4. the reason why the man abused the maid:
· _________________________

5. Source of news:
· _________________________

2. JOINT CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEXT
Arrange the following jumbled paragraph;

(   )   A. the Malaysian authorities said recently they would soon deports hundreds of thousands of illegal workers from abroad, including Indonesia._JP

(   )   B.  SAMARINDA, East Kalimantan: The deportation of Indonesian workers from Malaysia has continued, with 1,000 to 3,000arriving everyday in Nuukan Regency, East Kalimantan, a local official said on Saturday.

(   )  C.  The workers arriving are not only those deported but also others wanting to arrange the extension of their immigration documents,” said Kashmir Foret, the Nunukan deputy regent, who also serves as the task force coordinator for the problems associated with returning workers.

(   )   D. He said, however, the arrival of illegal workers would cause serious worries if they reached 5,000 or more per day. His administration would ask the provincial and central governments to help deal with the problem.

(   )   E. More workers arrive from KL.




REPORT
A. FLAHLIGHT
Inti dari text berbentuk report adalah menginformasikan, menggambarkan, mendeskripsikan, atau mengklasifikasikan suatu fenomena yang ada di lingkingan kita baik itu berupa benda, tanaman, binatang dsb yang bersifat umum. Text berbentuk report ini hamper sama dengan Deskriptive, yang membedakannya hanya terletak pada subjeknya. Report biasanya berlaku general/umum sedangkan deskriptif bersifat khusus.

Istilah penting dalam Report genre;
Ø Generic participant: tokoh cerita bersifat umum/general berlaku pada semua.
Ø No temporal sequence: tidak menggunakan kata-kata penghubung waktu seperti; firstly, second, third, dsb.
Ø Relational process disebut juga dengan istilah Linking Verbs yang menghubungkan subjek pelengkap, misalnya;to be, consist of, function as, derive from, to be classified into, to be identified as, etc.
Ø Special Nouns: penggunaan kata benda khusus untuk menunjukkan cirri-ciri dari  subjek seperti; features, forms, functions, species, etc.
Ø Special technical terms: penggunaan kata-kata khusus, misalnya; bagian tubuh (brain, vein, etc), bagian batang ( steem, root,etc).

B. TEXT SUMMARY
Social function/Communicative Approach/Purpose: To describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made, and social phenomena in our environment.

Generic Structure/Text Organization;
Ø Title : indicate the topic of the report
Ø General statement : introduces the topic of the report
Ø Description : provides the details of topic such as Physical
                                     appearance, behavior, landform and uses (typically
                                     organized in paragraph.

Language Features:
Ø Simple present tense
Ø Use of relational process
Ø Use of special nouns that denotes the character of things
Ø Use of special technical terms
Ø No temporal sequences

1. TEXT MODELLING
TITLE


TORNADOS

General classification
A tornado is a powerful, twisting windstorm. It is one of the most destructive of all the storms that we have seen on earth. A tornado is also called a waterspout.

Description
o Parts
o Qualities
o Habit/behavior
A tornado is a long cloud which comes down from the sky. It likes a funnel and consists of wind which whirls around and around extremely fast. In fact, the wind can reach a speed of more than 900 km per hour.

Weather scientists are unable to know exactly when tornados will occur. Fortunately, the tornado is not usually very big and it does not last long.

Answer these questions based on the text above:
1. the type of the text above is called a ___________________
2. the generic structure of the text consists of; ___________and_____________
3. the function of the text is __________________
4. the text tells us about ____________________________
5. what tense is mostly used in the text ___________________
6. What is the focus participant of the text? (What is the text mainly telling us about?)
7. Is there temporal sequence?
8. find some sentences in text that use relational process verbs:
o A tornado is powerful, twisting windstorm.
o _________________________________
o _________________________________
o _________________________________
o _________________________________
o _________________________________


2. JOINT CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEXT

Fill in the blank spaces with words provided in the box!
Horizontal tail indeed
Smooth air fluids
Thickness sea fish
Length earth external

WHALES
Whales are 1_______ mammals. They therefore breathe 2_______ but cannot survive on land. Some species are very large 3_______ and the blue whale, which can exceed 30 meters 4______, is the largest animal to have lived on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a 5______, but there are important differences in its 6_______ structure; its 7_______ consists of a pair of broad, flat horizontal 8______, compared with the tail of a fish that is vertical. It has a single 9 ________on top of its large, broad head. The skin is10 ________ and shiny and beneath it lies a layer of fat. This is up to 30 cm in 11________ and serves to conserve heat and body 12________.










NARRATIVE
“Semua .. Sesungguhnya hanyalah kepada Allah aku mengadukan kesusahan dan kesedihanku dan aku mengetahui dari Allah apa yang kau tiada mengetahuinya..’
(QS. Yusuf:86)

A. FLASHLIGHT
Inti dari text/genre berbentuk narrative adalah cerita hiburan yang berisi berbagai permasalahan (crisis) dan berujung pada masalh penyelesaian tersebut (resolution). Cerita berbentuk narrative bias berupa fiksi dan nonfiksi. Cerita fiksi misalnya; legenda, fable, cerita rakyat, dsb. Sedangkan cerita nonfiksi bias berupa cerita kejadian nyata dimasa lampau yang penuh degan konlik/crisis sekaligus terdapat alur penyelesaiannya, misalnya cerita tentang orang-orang yang selamat dari terjangan tsunami yang melanda aceh berikut perjuangannya menyelamatkan diri.

Istilah-istilah penting yang terdapat dalam text berbentuk narrative;
Ø specific/individual participant: tokoh cerita bersifat khusus yang mengacu pada satu atau beberapa individu  dan tidak belaku pada general/umum.
Ø Material process: disebut jug adengan istilah “Action Verbs” yaitu katakerja yang mengacu pada aksi atau tindakan dari si tokoh. Misalnya; eat, swim, sleep. etc.
Ø Behavioral Process: disebut juga dengan istilah “Verbal Process/Speaking Verbs” misalnya; say, said, tell, dsb.
Ø Relational process disebut juga dengan istilah Linking Verbs yang menghubungkan subjek pelengkap, misalnya;to be, consist of, function as, derive from, to be classified into, to be identified as, etc.
Ø Mental Process/Thinking Verbs: yaitu kata kerja yang yang berhubungan dengan persepsi panca indra. Misalnya; think, feel, guess, dsb.
Ø Temporal Conjunction: kata penghubung waktu yang menghubungkan kejadian yang sat dengan yang lain. Misalnya; firstly, then, next, after that, meanwhile, at that time, etc.
Ø Temporal Circumstance: keterangan waktu. Misalnya; once, once upon a time, etc.

B. TEXT SUMMARY
Narrative deals with problematic a event which leads to a crisis or turning point of some kind (climax), which in turns finds a resolution. For example; tales, historical story, horror story, fable, legend, myth, etc.

Social function/Communicative Approach/Purpose:
Ø To amuse or entertain the readers.
Ø To deal with actual /vicarious experience in different ways.

Generic Structure/Text Organization;
Ø Orientation : sets of the scene, where, when or introduce who is the participants.
Ø Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight.
Ø Complication : what problem did character have?
Ø Resolution : how was the problem solved?
Ø Coda (optional): attitude messages to the readers.

Language Features:
Ø Focus on specific or individual participant.
Ø Use of material process/action verbs
Ø Use of behavioral process/verbal process/saying verbs/speaking verbs
Ø Use of past tense
Ø Use of temporal conjunction and temporal sequence
Ø Direct

1. TEXT MODELLING
Read the text below carefully!
PINNOCHIO
PAST TENSE

SPECIFIC PARTICIPANT
ORIENTATION
Once upon a time, there lived a poor man named Gepetto, a carpenter. He made puppets from pieces of wood. He called his favorite puppet ‘Pinocchio’. I would love to be a father to a real boy,” he wished. One night, a fairy who knew that Gepetto was a good man, cast a magic spell over Pinocchio. The very next day, Geppetto awoke and was very happy to find that Pinocchio could walk, sit, sing, talk, and run.
Poor Gepetto wanted to send Pinocchio to school. He sold his only coat for a spelling book. “Now you can go to school like a real boy!” said Gepetto as he waved good bye to Pinocchio.
MATERIAL PROCESS

COMPLICATION
On the way to school, he met an evil fox who told him all about school and gave Fun Island. Pinocchio forgot all about school and gave the fox his spelling book in return for a ticket to Fn Island. “Where are you going Pinocchio?” asked the good fairy. “I am on my way to school,” lied Pinocchio. Pinocchio’s nose suddenly grew very long. He wished he hadn’t told lie. The fairy called a bird to peck at his long nose because Pinocchio was very sorry. He promised never to be naughty ever again and went straight to school. At school, Pinocchio told his friend all about Fun Island.
After school, together with his friends, he hurriedly went aboard a ship that was going to Fun Island. They didn’t know that on the island, little boys were turned into donkeys and they had to do very hard work. Pinocchio cried and wished he hadn’t come to the island. He also wished he hadn’t looked like a silly donkey. The fairy heard his wish and with a wave of her magic wand, he became Pinocchio again.
TEMPORAL CIRCUMSTANCE

RESOLUTION
Pinocchio sat on the shore, sadly looking out the sea. He wondered if he would ever see Gepetto again. Suddenly, he saw Gepetto who had sailed out to the sea in search of Pinocchio. Pinocchio waved his hand and they could meet again. They were both tired. They laid on the sand and fell asleep. When Gepetto awoke, Pinocchio had become a real boy. “At last my wish has come true!” cried Gepetto. After that, they lived happily ever after.

2. JOINT CONSTRUCTION OF THE TEXT

THE FLY AND THE BULL
There was once a little fly that thought he was very important. One sunny morning, he flew around looking for someone to talk to. He saw a bull grazing in a field. He decided to fly down to talk to him.
The little fly flew down and buzzed around the bull’s head. The bull did not bother with him. He went on chewing the grass. The fly then buzzed right inside the bull’s ear. The bull continued chewing the grass.
Now the fly decided to land on one of the bull’s horns to make the bull notice him. He waited for the bull to say something, but the bull kept quiet.
The fly then shouted angrily, “oh bull, if you find that I am too heavy for you, let me know and I’ll fly away”.
The bull laughed and said, “little fly, I don’t care if you stay or leave. You are so tiny that your weight doesn’t make any difference to me, so please be quiet and leave me alone”

Answer these questions below:
1. 1. What is the purpose of the writer?
2. Does the story begin with;
a. Who was involved?
b. What happened?
c. Where and when it happened?
3. Why did the bull just keep silent when the fly decided to land on one of it’s horns..?
4. What can we learn from the story of “the Fly and the Bull”…?
5. Mention the participants of the story…?
6. Does the story end in happy or sad ending?
7. Does the story happen in the past or in the present?
8. Are the verbs in the present or in the past?
9. Write several action verbs that you find in the text?
10. complete the following generic structure of “the Fly and the Bull”
Ø title :
Ø orientation :
Ø complication :
Ø resolution : PROSET
TEXT 1
MANILA (AFP): the Philippines has the most number of endemic bird species which are in danger of extinction, according to a nation wide wildlife report obtained here yesterday.
“The Philippine Red Data Book”, written by the Wildlife Conservation Society of the Philippines, noted that the country has 40 endangered bird species, more than any other country.
This include the Cebu Flower-Pecker of which only four are known to still be alive, making it the most endangered bird in the world, the ‘Red Data’ said.
An endangered species is defined as one that has a 20% chance of becoming extinct in 20 years.
The ‘Data Book’ said the threat of extinction was due to the growing destruction of the forests which are the habitats of the birds and other wild animals, many of which are similarly endangered.

1. What is genre of the text above…?
a. narrative
b. procedure
c. news item
d. descriptive
e. report

2.  The social function of the text is …..
a. to retell an event for the purpose of entertaining
b. to amuse the readers and deal with actual or vicarious experience indifferent ways
c. to present different point of views
d. to share with other unusual incidents
e. to inform the readers about newsworthy events

3. The text above is about…?
a. the ‘Philippine Red Data Book’ on animal
b. the Wildlife Conservation Society in the Philippines
c. the number of endemic bird species still available
d. the endangered habitats of birds in the Philippines
e. a report about the extinction of the most endangered birds

4. According to the ‘Red Data Book’, some birds and wild animals are in danger of extinction because people…?
a. hunt them for sport
b. keep destroying forests
c. move their habitats
d. change forests into their habitats
e. catch them to domesticated

5. Endangered species are…?
a. the forty percent of bird species in the world
b. all wild animals except the Cebu Flower-Pecker
c. birds which now remains twenty percent
d. the endemic bird species kept in the captivity
e. those predicted to be extinct within 20 years of time







6. “…the threat of extinction was due to…” (par.5). the word ‘Threat’ means…?
a. notice
b. warning
c. danger
d. statement
e. announcement

TEXT 2

Insects are small creatures. They have no bones, but have six legs. Insects live everywhere, in the house, in the garden, in the field and in many other places. Insects are not always bad as sometimes people think. Bad insects are for instance flies, cockroaches, and mosquitoes. Such insects are not only bad but sometimes also dangerous. Flies like to live on rubbish and other dirty places. They may cause disease such as typhus, cholera etc. a certain type of mosquito brings malaria.
Some insects are very useful to people, for example; bees which produce honey. Bees like to fly one flower to other flowers. When a bee moves from one flower to other flower, this may cause the produce seeds.
Bees are not usually dangerous, except you make them angry. If you disturb bees, they will be angry. And if they are angry, they will fly to attack you wherever you go. This is very dangerous.

7. What is genre of the text above…?
a. narrative
b. procedure
c. news item
d. descriptive
e. report

8. What insects are dangerous for our health…?
a. Mosquitoes which make people angry.
b. Certain type of bees and flies.
c. Insect which live on dirty places.
d. Insects which like to fly among the flowers.
e. Insects which produce honey.

9. What is the main idea of paragraph 3…?
a. Bees will disturb people if they are angry.
b. Bees always attack when people disturb them.
c. Bees fly to attack people whenever they do.
d. Bees are not usually dangerous.
e. Bees can’t fly as high as other insects.

10. What does the word ‘they’ (par.3) refer to…?
a. Flowers
b. Bees
c. Seeds
d. Mosquitoes
e. Creatures

11. Flies may cause disease because…?
a. They disturb us
b. They are bad insects
c. They are dirty
d. They live on rubbish
e. They bring malaria





12. They are dangerous insects, except…?
a. Cockroach
b. Bees
c. Mosquito
d. Flies
e. Crocodile

TEXT 3
Many years ago, there lived a hermit in a forest in Sumatra. He did not grow food but depended on the jungle fruit to survive. Soon, there was a draught and all the plants and the fruit trees in the jungle died.
The old man had nothing to eat now, so he turned to begging. He went to a nearly village trying to get some food. At first, the villagers were happy to help him. However, when he came continually, they refused to give him any more food. They told him to grow his own food.
One day while the hermit was sitting in his hut, sad and hungry, he began to think about growing his own food. Just then, a boatman stopped by, and taking pity on the hermit, gave him some paddy seeds.
Before the boatman went away he said, “These seeds will grow and give you everlasting harvests if you work hard. If you are tired of the work, the paddy plants will turn into weeds.
The old hermit worked hard to clear the land and owed the seeds before the rains came. Strangely, after a short period of time, the paddy was ready for harvesting. The old man got a lot of rice from the harvest. After each harvest, the plants grew back again right away.
One day the hermit became so tired of harvesting the paddy that he shouted,”oh stop growing, you wretched thing!” as soon as he said this, the paddy plants turn into weeds.

13. What did the boatman give to the hermit?
a. fruit trees
b. some food
c. paddy plants
d. some weeds
e. some paddy seeds

14. The main idea of paragraph 5 is that…
a. the succession of paddy harvest
b. the hermit should clear the land
c. the hermit was successful as a farmer
d. it needed a short of time to harvest the paddy
e. The seeds should be sown before the    rains came.

15. Why did the paddy plants turn into weeds?
a. the hermit got angry with the villagers
b. the hermit stopped growing the paddy plants
c. the villagers grew weeds instead of  paddy plants
d. the villagers took home as much as they  could
e. The hermit shouted ordering the paddy plants to stop growing.

16. ‘One day, the hermit became so tired of harvesting the padi that he shouted ... (last par).
The antonym of shouted is…
a. said
b. cried
c. laughed
d. screamed
e. whispered


17. Which statement is true about the hermit?
a. he lived in a small town in Sumatra
b. he went to the village to ask some food
c. he liked to give the villagers fruit and paddy
d. He died in the jungle when there was a drought.
e. He hated begging though there was nothing to eat.

TEXT 4
First aid is important before calling for a doctor or an ambulance. First, we make the patient as comfortable as possible. We should be more when the patient has broken bone. More over, the patient might be shocked. Covering him with a rug or foot will be warming and comforting. If the patient is unconscious, do not put anything under the head or do not try to give him anything to drink. In some cases, it is best to give small sips of the water. Sometimes, you see a person collapse or become ill in the street. He might have a hearth attack. Find out the medicine which is supposed to take with him. If we cannot find anything, stay with until he eats better or call a doctor or an ambulance.

18. What is the genre of the text…?
a. recount
b. procedure
c. descriptive
d. report
e. spoof

19. Andri : I can’t get what he has just
                explained to us. What must we do
                before the doctor arrives?
   Ridho : …..
a. cover him with a rug or foot
b. put something under his head
c. we have to try to make the patient as comfortable as possible.
d. find out the appropriate medicine to help him
e. stay with the patient. It can comfort him

20. To treat a person in a hearth attack, what must we do….?
a.   call a doctor or an ambulance immediately.
b. do not cover him with anything. It makes him difficult to breath
c.    gives him something to drink
d. find out the medicine which is supposed to take with him.
e.    give him a comfortable pillow

21. What is the generic structure of the text…?
a.    goal, steps
b. introduction, conflict, resolution
c.    orientation, events, reorientation
d. general statements, sequenced explanation
e.    orientation, events, twist












TEXT 5
PAINTING THE WALL
One morning, one of the witch’s friends came over to visit. When she looked around the room, she said, “Your house is ugly. My house is more beautiful than yours, and the walls are brighter.” The witch was very angry when she heard this and she shouted. “Get out of my house! And don’t ever come back here!”
After her friend left, the witch looked around her house and she said to herself. “My friend was right. My house looks ugly and the paint is faded. I have to repaint it.” Then, she went to the shop and bought a can of paint.
After lunched she started to paint, and she worked very carefully. In the afternoon, she finished the lower part of her house. When she wanted to start painting the upper part, she found out that she couldn’t reach it. Then she got an idea. “I will use my magic broom!” she shouted. “Broom oh my broom, turn into a paint brush and paint my walls!”
Suddenly the broom turned into a paint brush and it started to paint the upper walls. It worked very fast, and in ten minutes all the job was done. The witch was very happy.

22. What is the text about…?
a. a witch
b. an ugly house
c. a witch who painted the wall
d. a magic broom
e. a witch’s friend

23. What kind of text is it…?
a. a report
b. a narrative
c. a discussion
d. a descriptive
e. an anecdote

24. “Can you tell me the generic structure of
      the text above?”
      “It is….
a. orientation-complication-resolution
b. orientation-events-reorientation
c. thesis-arguments- recommendation
d. orientation-events-twist
e. abstract-orientation-crisis-reaction-coda

25. The writer mostly uses the….in arranging
       the text.
a. Past tense
b. Present tense
c. Present perfect tense
d. Present future tense
e. Past continuous

26. The witch was very angry when she heard
       this. Par.1. the underlined word refers
       to….
a. the witch’s friend’s mock
b. the house
c. the wall
d. the witch
e. the room





27. She found out that she couldn’t reach it
      (line 10). The word ‘it’ refers to…
a. lower part of the wall
b. upper part of the wall
c. the house
d. the magic broom
e. idea

28. How did the witch solve the problem…..?
a. by buying a can of paint
b. by painting her house
c. by using her magic broom to paint the wall
d. by inviting her friend to help her
e. by buying a new house


TEXT 6
S’PORE TO DOUBLE ARTS,
MEDIA BY 2012
SINGAPORE: the Singapore government wants to double the size of the country’s media, design and art industries to 6 percent of the economy by 2012, a minister said on Saturday.
The targets come as the officials have said they want the country to move from its stuffy, rule bound image and embrace more creativity as it seeks ways to sustain economic growth.
“The creative industries are poised to play a significant role in transforming our economy and society,” Lee Bon Yang, Minister for information, communication and the arts, told a graduation ceremony for fine arts students.
Singapore’s government has set aside more than S$200 million (US$116 million) over five years to invest in the arts sector, Lee said, without giving details. – AP

29. What kind of text is it…?
a. a report
b. a narrative
c. a news item
d. a descriptive
e. an anecdote

30. The social function of the text is …..
a. to retell an event for the purpose of entertaining
b. to amuse the readers and deal with actual or vicarious experience indifferent ways
c. to present different point of views
d. to share with other unusual incidents
e. To inform readers, listeners, or viewers about events which are considered newsworthy.

31. The organization of the text is…
a. orientation-complication-resolution
b. orientation-events-reorientation
c. thesis-arguments- recommendation
d. orientation-events-twist
e. newsworthy event- background event- sources










TEXT 7
There were many beautiful plants and flowers in Bobo’s garden and he was very proud of them, and he loves watering them every afternoon. Bobo was watering his plants when suddenly the water from the hose stopped flowing.
Bobo was surprised, and when he looked around, he saw Giga standing on the hose. Accidentally, Giga had stepped on the hose and it broke. Bobo was upset and Giga felt sorry.
Then she went to a small pond near the garden, filled her trunk with her water, and came back. She sprayed Bobo’s garden with water from her trunk. Bobo was happy and h forgave Giga. Giga promised to get Bobo a new watering hose.

32. What kind of text is it…?
a. a report
b. a narrative
c. a discussion
d. a descriptive
e. an anecdote

33. The social function of the text is …..
a. to retell an event for the purpose of entertaining
b. to amuse the readers and deal with actual or vicarious experience indifferent ways
c. to present different point of views
d. to share with other unusual incidents
e. To describe the particular thing.

34. The organization of the text is…
a. orientation-complication-resolution
b. orientation-events-reorientation
c. thesis-arguments- recommendation
d. orientation-events-twist
e. abstract-orientation-crisis-reaction-coda

35. The writer mostly uses the….in arranging
       the text.
a. Past tense
b. Present tense
c. Present perfect tense
d. Present future tense
e. Past continuous

36. How did Giga solve the problem…?
a. by spraying Bobo’s flowers with the water from her trunk.
b. by promising Bobo to get him a new watering hoses.
c. by filling her trunk with water.
d. by standing on the hose
e. by breaking Bobo’s hose














TEXT 8
Mr. and Mrs. Williams got married when he was twenty-three, and she was twenty. Twenty five years later, they had a big party and a photographer came and took some photographs of them.
Then, the photographer gave Mrs. Williams a card and said, “They’ll be ready next Wednesday. You can get them from our studio.”
“No,” Mrs. Williams said, “please send them to us.”
“The photographs arrived a week later, but Mrs. Williams was not happy when she saw them. She got into her car and drove to the photographer’s studio. She went inside and said angrily, “you took some photographs of me and my husband last week, but I’m not going to pay for them.”
“Oh, why not?” the photographer asked.
“Because my husband looks like a monkey,” Mrs. Williams said.
“Well, the photographer answered, “That isn’t our fault. Why didn’t you think of that before you married him?”

37. What genre of the text above…?
a. spoof
b. recount
c. narrative
d. descriptive
e. procedure

38. Why didn’t Mrs. Williams want to pay?
a. Because the photographs were too expensive.
b. because the photographer couldn’t deliver them on time
c. because the photographs of Mr. William looked like a monkey
d. because the studio was too far
e. because Mrs. Williams didn’t have enough money

39. From the story above, how old was Mr.
     Williams…?
a. 45 years old
b. 46 years old
c. 47 years old
d. 48 years old
e. 49 years old

40. Samsul : Can you tell me the generic
                     structure of the text above are?
 Arifin : of course, they are…
a. Orientation, events, reorientation
b. Orientation, Conflict, Conclusion
c. Orientation, events, twist
d. goal, materials needed, steps
e. general classification, explanation

41. “You took some photographs of me and
      my husband last week, but I’m not going
      to pay for them.” The word them refers
      to…
a. Mr. and Mrs. Williams
b. the photographers
c. Mrs. Williams’s cars
d. photographs
e. people in the party




TEXT 9
Sticky Fingers

After breakfast, I sent the children to school and then I went to market. It was still early when I returned home. The children were at school, my husband was at work and the house was quiet. So, I decided to make some tarts for tea.
In a short time, I was busy making butter and flour and my hands were soon covered with sticky pastry.
At exactly that moment, the telephone rang. I picked up the receiver between two sticky fingers and was dismayed when I recognized the voice. It was Mrs. Bates. It took me ten minutes to persuade her to ring back later.
At last, I hung up the receivers. There was pastry on my fingers, on the telephone, and the door knobs. Suddenly the bell rang, very loudly. This time it was the postman. He wanted me to registered letter.
What a mess!

42. The genre of the text is a/an….
a. recount
b. explanation
c. discussion
d. commentary
e. review

43. The organization of the text is…
a. orientation-complication-resolution
b. Abstract-orientation-crisis-reaction-coda.
c. orientation-events-reorientation
d. thesis-arguments-recommendation
e. orientation –events-twist

44. What tense mostly used in the story?
a. simple present
b. past tense
c. direct speech
d. passive voice
e. indirect speech

45. What was the writer doing when the
       telephone rang…?
a. She was taking her children to school.
b. She was making butter and flour
c. She was signing the letter.
d. She was visited by her neighbor.
e. She was opening the door for a postman.






















Apabila cinta pada Allah itu sudah sempurna, maka tidak ada sesuatu kesenangan yang dapat melebihi kesenangan dalam melakukan ibadah’
Al-Ghozali)



PRESENT TENSES
1. Simple Present Tense
Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan fakta (facts), kebenaran umum (general truth) dan kebiasaan (habitual actions).

Kalimat Nominal (Kalimat yang tidak mengandung kata kerja)
(+)  S  +  to be (am/is/are)  +  N /Adj / adv
(--)  S  +  to be  + NOT  +  N / Adj / Adv
(?)  To be  +  S  +  N / Adj / Adv







Contoh:
1. the earth is round
2. These buildings are not across my house.
3. Are you ok?
4. syamsul is very rich person

Kalimat Verbal (Kalimat yang mengandung kata kerja)
(+)  S  +   V1 s/es  +  ….
(--)  S  +  do/does  + NOT  +  V1  +  ….
(?)  Do/does  +  S  +  V1  + ….

Contoh:
1. the sun rises in the east
2. The children don’t go to school everyday.
3. Water boils at 100°.
4. Why does iron rust?

NOTES:
· Simple present tense  tidak benar-benar menggambarkan present actions,  melainkan suatu yang permanen atau habitual.
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries to be/ do/does
· Adverb of frequency seperti usually, seldom, dsb., umumnya muncul sesudah Auxiliaries (Ataupun) namun sebelum V1 s/es.
· Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   seldom,   usually,   always,   never,   often, etimes, rarely, every ,.., once/ twice/ ... a day/ in a week / a month / a year ..., etc.

2. Present Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung sekarang( At the time/ around of speaking)
(+)  S  +  to be (am/is/are)  +  V1 + ing  + ….
(--)  S  +  to be  + NOT  +  V1 + ing  + ….
(?)  To be  +  S  +  V1 + ing  + ….






 Contoh:
1. My father is sleeping now
2. You are not studying English, but you are studying Math.
3. What are you doing? Are you writing a letter?.


NOTES:

· Present Continuous Tense  benar-benar menggambarkan present actions, walaupun terkadang bias juga untuk future meaning .
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “to be”
· Beberapa kata kerja tertentu tidak bias menggunakan bentuk continuous. Biasanya kata kerja yang bersifat tetap ( Stative Verbs) dan kata kerja mental (Mental Verbs), misalnya see, hear, like, hate, love, dislike, believe, own, have (mempunyai), think, know, smell, consider, understand, appear, seem, look, want, remember, forget, belong, prefer, etc.
· Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   now, right now, today, at the moment, at the present, etc
· Kalimat imperative ( Be Quiet!, Don’t make so much noise!, Look! Etc) biasanya diikuti dengan Present Continuous Tense.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang baru saja selesai namun masih ada akibat atau hubungan dengan masa sekarang. Yang dientingkan adalah action bukan waktu dimulainya.

(+)  S  +  Have/has  +  V3/been  + ….
(--)  S  +  Have/has  + NOT  +  V3/been  + ….      FOR/SINCE…..
(?)  Have/has  +  S  +  V3/been  + ….






Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni has just already eaten.
2. My father and my mother have gone to Mecca since two days ago.
3. Why has Aminah decided to study at Unila? Has she consulted with her parents?

FOR( selama) + Duration of time/period of time
Contoh:
For two days, for two weeks, for a week, for three monts, etc.

SINCE ( sejak) + particular time in the past
Contoh:
Since yesterday, since two days ago, since last year, etc.

NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries    “ have/has”
· Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   for…,since…, just, already, yet, recently, lately, so far, up to now, up to present, etc


4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah dimulai pada masa lampau namun masih berlangsung sampai dengan sekarang. Dalam beberapa hal antara Present Perfect dan Present Perfect Continuous sama/ tidak berbeda artinya( biasanya pada kata kerja: work, live, study( sekolah). Sebaiknya kita menggunakan Present Perfect Continuous kalau yang kita inginkan adalah menekankan pada berlangsungnya /durasi peristiwa.
(+)  S  +  Have/has  +  been  +  Ving….
(--)  S  +  Have/has  + NOT  +  been  +  Ving...     FOR…..
(?)  Have/has  +  S  +  been  +  Ving….








Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni has been working in this company for three years. = Mr. Is9ni has worked….
2. We have been living in Pringsewu since 1999 = We have lived…..


NOTES:

· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “ have/has”
· Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   for…,since…, just, already, yet, recently, lately, so far, up to now, up to present, etc


PAST TENSES

1. Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang terjadi pada waktu lampau ( past)

Kalimat Nominal (Kalimat yang tidak mengandung kata kerja)
(+)  S  +  to be (was/were)  +  N /Adj / adv
(--)  S  +  to be  (was/were) + NOT  +  N / Adj / Adv
(?)  To be (was/were)  +  S  +  N / Adj / Adv


Contoh:
1. He was a teacher.( He is not a teacher anymore)
2. They weren’t  in the same class.
3. Was your father at home yesterday?

Kalimat Verbal (Kalimat yang mengandung kata kerja)

(+)  S  +   V2  +  ….
(--)  S  +  did  + NOT  +  V1  +  ….
(?)  Did  +  S  +  V1  + ….

Contoh:
1. Mrs. Nur taught me English last week.
2. The children didn’t go to school yesterday.
3. What did you do? Did you enjoy your dinner last night?


NOTES:
· Untuk menunjukkan habit pada masa lampau kita juga bisa menggunakan : When I was….I usually/ I often  V2 …= I used to V1…..
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries to be ( was/were) / did
· Perbedaan antara Present Perfect dengan Past simple adalah penekanannya. Simple Past menekankan waktu terjadinya (dimulai dan selesai pada waktu lampau) sedangkan Present Perfect Tense lebih menekankan pada Action
· Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   yesterday, last…, …ago, once upon time, etc.

2. Past Continuous Tense

Past Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan:
A. Kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di masa lampau (specific past time)

(+)  S  +  was/were  +  V1 + ing  + ….
(--)  S  +  was/were  + NOT  +  V1 + ing  + ….
(?)  was/were  +  S  +  V1 + ing  + ….

Contoh:
1. My father was sleeping  at 8.15 p.m last night
2. You were not studying English at 7.00 yesterday, but you were studying English then.
3. What were you doing? were you writing a letter?.

B. Dua buah kejadian yang terjadi bersamaan pada masa lampau ( untuk menghubungkan dua buah kejadian tersebut kita menggunakan penghubung “When/While”

Past  Continuous  +  WHEN +  Simple Past
Simple Past         +   WHILE  +   Past Continuous
Simple Past    +   WHEN    +   Past Continuous


Contoh:
1. I was studying English when you came to my house
2. My father came while Rina was eating
3. I fell down when I was walking

NOTES:
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “to be” was/were
· Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   Yesterday at 10.00, at that time last night, then( past).

3. Past Perfect Tense

Past Perfect Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah selesai sebelum kejadian lain di masa lampau terjadi. (Kejadian yang sudah selesai duluan berbentuk Past Perfect Tense, dan kejadian yang selanjutnya berbentuk Simple Past).

(+)  S  +  Had  +  V3/been  + ….
(--)  S  +  Had  + NOT  +  V3/been  + ….      FOR/SINCE…..
(?)  Had  +  S  +  V3/been  + ….

Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni had just already eaten before you came
2. My father and my mother went to hometown after they had been called by my grandma.

NOTES:
Simple Past  +   After +  Past Perfect
          Because
Past Perfect  +  Before  +  Simple Past
          When


4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Past Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah dimulai pada masa lampau namun masih berlangsung sampai dengan kejadian lain di masa lampau. Sebaiknya kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous—bukan past perfect-- kalau yang kita inginkan adalah menekankan pada berlangsungnya /durasi peristiwa.

(+)  S  +  Had  +  been  +  Ving….
(--)  S  +  Had  + NOT  +  been  +  Ving...     FOR…..
(?)  Had  +  S  +  been  +  Ving….


Contoh:
Mr. Is9ni had been working in this company for three years WHEN Andi joined in this company.

FUTURE TENSES

1. Present Future Tense

Present Future Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan suatu kegiatan yang akan berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.
(+)  S  +  Will/shall V1/be  + ….
(--)  S  +  will/shall  + NOT  +  V1/be  + …
(?)  Will/shall  +  S  +  V1/be + ….

Contoh:
1. I will go to school tomorrow morning.
2. Roni will not go to Bali next month
3. Why won’t you go to school tomorrow?


NOTES:
· Sebaiknya Kita  menggunakan TO Be going to V1( Present Continuous Tense) untuk sebuah kejadian yang sudah kita rencanakan dari awal
· Dalam membentuk kalimat tanya, apabila kita ingin membuat kalimat tanya dengan menggunakan WH Question( what, why, what, when, where, how), letakkan Wh Question paling awal sebelum Auxiliaries “will/shall”
· Will umum untuk semua subjek, sedangkan shall untuk subjek “ I and We”
· Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   tomorrow, next…., soon, later, tonight, the day after tomorrow

2. Present Future Continuous Tense

Present Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.
(+)  S  +  Will/shall +  be  +  V1 + ing  + ….
(--)  S  +  Will/shall  + NOT  +  be  + V1 + ing  + ….
(?)  Will/shall   +  S  +  be  + V1 + ing  + ….


 Contoh:
1. My father will not be teaching English tomorrow at six
2. You will be studying English at that time nexweek

NOTE:
Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   tomorrow at 10.00, this time next week, then (future)

3. Present Future Perfect Tense

Present Future Perfect Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah dimulai pada masa lampau, sekarang masih berlangsung dan belum selesai dan akan selesai di waktu tertentu yang akan datang. (Unfinished Actions)

(+)  S  +  Will Have  +  V3/been  + ….
(--)  S  +  Will Have  + NOT  +  V3/been  + ….      By The time…..
(?)  Will  +  S  +  Have  +  V3/been  + ….


Contoh:
1. Mr. Dhany will have gone by the time tomorrow
2. My father will have studied before Rina comes to my house

NOTES:
Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   when, by the time, by the end, by, as soon as, until…+  future time (present simple)

4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense digunakan untuk mengungkapkan kejadian yang sudah mulai berlangsung sebelum waktu tertentu atau kejadian lain di waktu yang akan datang dan akan masih berlangsung pada saat tersebut.

(+)  S  +  Will Have  +  been  +  Ving….
(--)  S  +  Will Have  + NOT  +  been  +  Ving...     FOR…..
(?)  Will  +  S  +  Have  + been  +  Ving….


Contoh:
1. Mr. Is9ni will have been working in this company for three years by the time you  join in this company

NOTES:
Time   marker  yang  biasa  digunakan  ialah:   when, by the time, by the end, by, as soon as, until…+  future time (present simple)
PROSET
01. By the end of this week i…from Malaysia.
A. Am back
B. Have been back
C. Would be back
D. May be back
E. Will have been back

02. I know that one of my students…in your company since he graduated.
A. work
B. working
C. to work
D. has been working
E. have worked

03. Hadi looks very tired; he…for hours now.
A. drove
B. had driven            
C. was driving
D. had been driving
E. has been driving

04. I hope that by the time my father retires, I …a job.
A. get
B. am getting
C. have got
D. got
E. will have got

04.  I have written three letters. It means…
A. I am still writing now
B. I am not writing anymore
C. I haven’t finished writing yet
D. I hope to finish this morning
E. I have to write now

05. Iwan, the national tennis champion, ….tennis since he was nine.
A. played
B. has been playing
C. plays
D. is playing
E. had played

06. Heru had a lot of work to do. He finished his work five minutes ago. He cried: "I am free now, because I ... all my work."
A. finished
B. have finished
C. will finish    
D. will have finished
E. am finishing

07. Tara ... a letter in his room when his mother came in.
A. wrote
B. has written
C. writes                    
D. was writing
E. is writing

08. By the time she finds the umbrella, the rain.....
A. stopped.
B. will have stopped
C. will be stopping.
D. will have been stopping.
E. will stop.

09. “Have the boys had their breakfast?”
“Not yet, they…
A. have taken a bath
B. are still taking a bath
C. will take a bath
D. were taking a bath
E. would still take a bath

10. They  ...  the matter by twelve o'clock tomorrow.
A. discuss
B. will discuss
C. will have discussed
D. have discussed
E. will be discussing

11. Every night the watchman turns on all the lights and …around the building every half an hour.
A. walks
B. is walking
C. to be walking
D. walking
E. to walk

12. “How long has been the principle of our school?”
“Since I …this school”
A. was entering
B. have entered
C. would enter
D. entered
E. had been entering

13. I am sure you ... the name of Dickens.
A. have heard        
B. will hear
C. hear
D. heard
E. will have heard

14. The sun ... in the east.
A. is rising
B. rises
C. rose                  
D. rises
E. rice

15. By nine o'clock tonight I… ready to go to Jakarta.
A. have been
B. will have been-.
C. will be
D. am
E. was

16. At this moment she ... her dress.
A. will sew
B. sew
C. is sewing            
D. sewed
E. sews

17. I ... the clock last night.
A. will find    
B. finds
C. have found
D. am finding
E. found

18. She ... in Jakarta this time tomorrow.
A. will be arriving
B. will have arrive
C. will have been arriving
D. will arrive
E. have been arriving    

19. The bus came after I …for about twenty minutes.
A. have been waiting
B. have waited
C. am waiting
D. had been waiting
E. was waiting

20. When I came in, the dog… under the table.
A. was sleeping  
B. have been sleeping
C. is sleeping
D. sleeping
E. will be sleeping

21. Every year She….my holiday in Bali
A. is spending
B. spend
C. spends
D. will spend
E. spent


22. Keep quiet, we…to music.
A. listen
B. am listening
C. listened
D. will listen
E. have listened

23. I….outside the restaurant this time next Wednesday.
A. am waiting
B. will wait
C. will be waiting
D. will been waited
E. wait

24. At this moment we….English test
A. have
B. having
C. are having
D. had
E. will have

25. “oh dear. I forget to bring my dictionary.”
“That’s all right. I …you mine.
A. am lending
B. am going to lend
C. will lend
D. lend
E. will be lending

Rosulullah SAW bersabda: Mengulur-ulur waktu pembayaran utang bagi yang mampu adalah suatu kezaliman, dan apabila utang mu
dialihkan kepada orang kaya, terimalah’
(HR. Muslim)

A. FLASHLIGHT
Adjective Clause/ Relative clause adalah anak kalimat yang berfungsi sebagai adjective (penjelas kata benda) baik sebagai penjelas orang ataupun benda. Pada intinya adjective clause merupakan satu penggabungan dari dua buah kalimat (klausa) dengan menggunakan kata penghubung “yang”.

B. SUMMARY
RELATIVE PRONOUN

Ø MENERANGKAN SUBJECT
Untuk menggabungkan 2 buah kalimat pengganti Subject, kita harus menggunakan relative pronoun (yang) antara lain:

1. Who/That (for human)
Who/that digunakan untuk menggantikan subjek (he, she, they,etc..) yang mengacu pada manusia.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:
· The people were mostly young soldiers
· They were killed during the war.
The people—they were killed during the war—were mostly young soldiers.
The people who/that were killed during the war were mostly young soldiers.
· Ahong loves the woman.
· She is working at the Language Center of Lampung Province.
Ahong loves the woman—she is working at the Language Center of Lampung Province.
Ahong loves the woman who/that is working at the Language Center of Lampung Province

2. Which/That (for non human)
Which/that digunakan untuk menggantikan subjek  yang mengacu pada selain manusia.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:
· I saw a dog
· It was beaten by Tono
I saw a dog—it was beaten by Tono.
I saw a dog which was beaten by Tono


Ø MENERANGKAN OBJECT
Untuk menggabungkan 2 buah kalimat pengganti Subject, kita harus menggunakan relative pronoun (yang) antara lain:

1. Whom/That (for human)
Whom/that digunakan untuk menggantikan objek (him, her, them, etc..) yang mengacu pada manusia.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:
· The people are angry
· I don’t like them
The people—I don’t like them—are angry.
The people whom I don’t like are angry.

· Ahong wants to meet the woman.
· Rendy loves her so much

Ahong wants to meet the woman—Rendy loves her so much.
Ahong wants to meet the woman whom Rendy loves so much.

2. Which/That (for non human)
Which/that digunakan untuk menggantikan objek yang mengacu pada selain manusia

Perhatikan contoh berikut:
· The book is best seller
· I bought it yesterday
The book—I bought it yesterday—is best seller
The book which/that I bought yesterday is best seller.


Object of Prepositions
That bisa menggantikan whom or which untuk menerangkan Objek, tapi tidak bisa digunakan dalam menerangkan object preposisi
· The man is angry
· The woman is talking to him
The man—the woman is talking to him—is angry.
The man to whom the woman is talking is angry or The man whom the woman is talking to is angry. (benar)
The man to that the woman is talking is angry (salah).

· Mr. Dhany has two brothers.
· All of them are married.
Mr. Dhany has two brothers—all of them are married.
Mr. Dhany has two brothers all of whom are married (benar)
Mr. Dhany has two brothers all of that are married (salah)

· My books are put on the shelves
· Most of them are about child education
My books—most of them are about child education—are put on the shelves.
My books most of which are about child education are put on the shelves (benar)
My books most of that are about child education are put on the shelves (salah)

Ø MENERANGKAN POSSESIVENESS (kepunyaan)

Whose

Kita menggunakannya untuk menggantikan kepunyaan (possessive) yang biasanya mengacu pada orang. Bisa juga untuk benda walau agak jarang penggunaanya.
· Nurul is in the hospital
· Her health is bad
Nurul—her health is bad—is in the hospital.
Nurul whose health is bad is in the hospital.

· She is looking for a boy
· You always borrow his motorcycle
She is looking for a boy—his motorcycle—you always borrow.
She is looking for a boy whose motorcycle you always borrow.

Ø MENERANGKAN TEMPAT

Where
Where digunakan untuk menggantikan tempat.

Perhatikan contoh berikut:
· The market is very crowded.
· My mother always goes there to buy some vegetables.
· The market where my mother always goes to buy some vegetables is very crowded.

Ø MENERANGKAN WAKTU

When
When dgunakan untuk menggantikan waktu.


Perhatikan contoh berikut:
· The day is Sunday.
· They will have a picnic on Sunday.
The day when they will have a picnic on is Sunday.



RINGKASAN!!!!
Who/That V/P
1. ORANG Whom/That S
Whose N

Which/That V/P
2. BENDA Which/That S
Of which N

Where S
3. TEMPAT in/at/on Which S


When S
4. WAKTU in/at/on which S


5. ALASAN Why S

6. S  + Prep  + whom  (orang) = S  + whom + Prep
    S  + Prep  +  which (benda) = S + which + Prep



PROSET
01. 01. I need to meet the child….mother is standing there.
(A) who
(B) whom
(C) that
(D) whose
(E) what

02. The girl … under the tree is Nanda
(A) Who sitting
(B) Whom sit
(C) Who is sitting
(D) Whose sitting
(E) Which sit

03. The lady….this letter is addressed has moved to another city.
(A) who
(B) to which
(C) whom
(D) which
(E) to whom

04. This is the man….
(A) which I told you
(B) whom I told you about
(C) I told you
(D) that I told you
(E) about which I told you

05. Tom’s father….health hasn’t been so good lately is in hospital now.
(A) who is
(B) whose
(C) his
(D) of whom
(E) of which

06. Did I tell you about the girl…I met during the demonstration last week?
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) whom
(D) of which
(E) wit whom

07. ‘Whom did you invite to this meeting?’
‘The managers…reports you read this morning’
(A) whom
(B) of whom
(C) which
(D) of which
(E) whose

08. The students are collecting money, food and clothes for the people…houses were destroyed in the fire last week.
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) that
(E) whose


09. ‘I visited the University of Lampung last year.’ That is the place….my brother is studying now.
(A) which
(B) when
(C) whose
(D) whom
(E) where

10. Yanto was a young writer…novel won the first prize.
(A) when
(B) whom
(C) whose
(D) which
(E) who

11. Students…will be awarded scholarship
(A) who pass with excellent grades
(B) they pass with excellent grades
(C) they who pass with excellent grades
(D) pass with excellent grades
(E) to pass with excellent grades

12. The man … car is blue is a very rich person.
(A) whom
(B) who
(C) that
(D) which
(E) whose

13. Is everybody graduating from SMA 1
      invited to the party?’
‘Well, the party is exclusively for those…’
(A) they graduated in 1990
(B) were 1990 graduates
(C) to whom are 1990 graduates
(D) who graduated in 1990
(E) the 1990 graduation                  

14. The scholarship will be given to the students…
(A) which passed the selection test
(B) whose selection test passed
(C) they passed the selection test
(D) who have passed the selection test
(E) have passed the selection test

15. A friend of mine….father is the manager helped me to get the job.
(A) whose
(B) which
(C) that
(D) whom
(E) who

16. The businessman…we met is the general manager of this company.
(A) whom
(B) whoever
(C) who
(D) with whom
(E) which

17. This is the book…I got the data for my composition.
(A) that
(B) in which
(C) which
(D) from which
(E) the place
18. I met the girl….is in our class.
(A) the brother of hers
(B) her brother
(C) who’s brother
(D) hers brother
(E) whose brother

19. ‘Who called you last night?’
‘The man ....’
(A) which I borrowed the book from
(B) from which I borrowed the book
(C) I borrowed the book from him
(D) from whom I borrowed the book
(E) his book I borrowed

18. 20. Do you have a box….
(A) that I can put my letters
(B) where can I put my letters
(C) in which I can put my letters
(D) A and C are right answers
(E) No correct answer

21. My sisters and my brother put their money in the bank…I work.
(A) whom
(B) what
(C) where                  
(D) which
(E) who

22. His father…has been to Paris, has just returned
(A) who  
(B) which
(C) whom              
(D) where
(E) whose

23. I have lost a piece of paper….
(A) I wrote your name on it
(B) your name I wrote on it
(C) on it I wrote your name            
(D) on which I wrote your name
(E) that I wrote your name on it.

24. The novels in book stores…are true love stories are best seller.
(A) which of most
(B) most of which
(C) of which  
(D) in which
(E) that most

25. Teenager delinquency….people are now complaining, has become a popular topic discussed among psychologists.
(A) whom that
(B) which
(C) in which  
(D) about which
(E) whom



‘Dan kami turunkan besi, di dalamnya ada kekuatan yang besar dan bermanfaat untuk manusia, ……’ (QS. Al Hadad: 25)
A. FLASHLIGHT
Jenis konjungsi ini digunakan untuk menghubungkan NOUN (kata benda) dengan NOUN (kata benda), VERB (kata kerja) dengan VERB (kata kerja), PHRASE (kelompok kata) dengan PHRASE (kelompok kata), CLAUSE dengan CLAUSE dan sebagainya.

B. SUMMARY

1. 1. AND
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat yang berkesesuaian
Example:
§ Steve and his friend are coming to dinner. (noun and noun)
§ Susan raised her hand and snapped her fingers. (verb and verb)
§ My mother always cooks in the morning and my father reads newspaper.
§ The colors of her T-shirts are red, black, yellow and green

2. OR
Digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu pilihan
Example:
§ You can invite me or my brother to attend the meeting.
§ Which ones do you want, the red one or the blue one?
§ He wants to watch TV or (to) listen some music.

3. BUT
Digunakan untuk menggabungkan dua hal yang saling bertentangan
Example:
§ My sister likes fried chicken but my brother likes Pizza
§ These shoes are old but comfortable.

4. SO
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu hubungan sebab akibat
Example:
§ The weather is cold so we stay home tonight
§ Jihad didn’t study hard so he failed the test

5. BECAUSE
Juga digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu hubungan sebab akibat
Example:
§ Because the man was very hungry, he ate greedily.
§ I decided not to go to the concert because I am not interested in rock music.

6. PAIRED CONJUNCTION
adalah penghubung berpasangan yang menggabungkan dua hal baik Noun, Verb, Adjectives, Adverb yang berbeda namun berkesesuian.
a. BOTH…AND…
§ Both my mother and my father are in Jakarta today.
§ The research project will take both money and time

b. NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO…
§ I am studying not only math but also chemistry this semester.
§ It not only rained but also snowed in Tokyo yesterday.
§ The book is not only interesting but also accurate.
§ Not only my wallet but also my key is lost.



Note:       *dua Subject yang dihubungkan dengan BOTH…AND…menjadi
                      Plural (jamak).
*bila dua Subjek dihubungkan dengan NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO…maka Subjek yang paling dekat dengan Verb menentukan apakah Verb akan singular (tunggal) atau Plural (jamak).
Example:
§ Both Andre and Santos are smart.
§ Not only Andre but also Santos is smart.
PROSET

1. 1. I was late because I caught the wrong   bus.
It means I caught the wrong bus…I  was late.
a. And
b. But
c. Or
d. So
e. Because

2. The child hides behind his mother…he was afraid of dog.
a. because
b. and
c. or
d. but
e. so

3. I told Nurman to take the test more seriously, ….he would not be accepted.
a. but
b. and
c. so
d. or
e. because

4. The government is planning to liquidate     several banks soon, …very people know which ones they are.
a. but
b. or
c. as
d. so
e. and

5. My friend and I were very tired….we went home.
a. so
b. or
c. and
d. but
e. because

6. We always invite him to have dinner,…he can’t come
a. and
b. but
c. or
d. so
e. for

7. The air on the beach is not only fresh but also clean.
It means the air in the beach both  fresh…..clean.
a. because
b. or
c. and
d. so
e. but

8. My father shouted at me…he was very angry.
a. and
b. because
c. or
d. but
e. both




9. I couldn’t concentrate while examination…I failed.
a. and
b. but
c. so
d. because
e. or

10. He washed my T-shirt…it didn’t get clean
a. and
b. but
c. or
d. because
e. so

11. I turned on the light…the room was dark.
a. because
b. but also
c. and
d. not only
e. so

12. Both Liwa …Kobum are located in Lampung.
a. and
b. but also
c. so
d. but
e. and

13. Bobby is not only diligent….
a. but also lazy
b. but also kind
c. but kind
d. but lazy
e. and kind

13. Do you like playing football…playing badminton?
a. and
b. so
c. also
d. or
e. nor

14. There is always traffic jam in the morning….I try to leave earlier.
a. and
b. so
c. or
d. but
e. because


15. He reads newspaper everyday…he doesn’t know advance technology
a. and
b. or
c. but
d. nor
e. so

16. He got an accident…he drove over the maximum limit.
a. but also
b. not only
c. because
d. and
e. so
17. Joko not only loves pop music…rock music
a. because
b. not only
c. but also
d. and
e. so

18. Both my father and my sister…going to Sydney.
a. is
b. are
c. was
d. will
e. am

19. Not only John but also Marry….
a. has high score
b. have high score
c. high score
d. get high score
e. having high score

20. They missed the bus…they had to walk for two miles.
a. so
b. and
c. because
d. or
e. but



22. Tukul will marry her…he loves her  much.
a. but
b. but also
c. and
d. because
e. or

24. He had tried hard…he can’t find his lost watch.
a. and
b. but
c. or
d. because
e. so

25. My friend enjoys…fishing but also hunting
a. so
b. because
c. not only
d. or
e. and

26. We were planning to open a new office in Surabaya,…. the economic crisis forced us to postpone it.
a. and
b. or
c. so
d. but
e. e. for





‘Hai orang-orang yang beriman jika kamu menolong (agama) Allah niscaya Dia akan menolongmu dan akan meneguhkan kedudukanmu’’
(QS. Muhammad:7)
A. FLASHLIGHT
Degree of comparison digunakan untuk menunjukkan adanya tingkat perbandingan antara dua hal atau lebih. Degree of comparison dapat berupa perbandingan Adjectives atau perbandingan Adverb.

B. SUMMARY
JENIS-JENIS DEGREE OF COMPARISON
1. Positive Degree

S + P + AS ADJECITVE/ADVERB AS + PRONOUN

RUMUS :

Example:
§ He is as careful as my mother (adjective)
§ He speaks as carefully as a president (adverb)

2. Comparative Degree

S + P + ADJECTIVE-ER/MORE ADJECTIVE + THAN PRONOUN or
S + P + ADVERB-ER/MORE ADVERB + THAN PRONOUN

RUMUS :



Example:
§ My score is always better than her
§ Tania studies harder than I do

3. Superlative Degree
S + P + THE ADJECTIVE-EST/MOST ADJECTIVE or
S + P + THE ADVERB-EST/MOST ADVERB


RUMUS :


Example:
§ Edo is the best student in the class
§ Nanda talks the most politely of all his friends

4. Double Comparative
THE + COMPARATIVE + CLAUSE, THE + COMPARATIVE + CLAUSE


RUMUS :

Example:
§ The sooner he comes, the better he will prepare.
§ The smarter he is, the more arrogantly he talks

Notes:
1. Irregular comparatives and superlatives:
§ Far___________farther/further_____farthest/furthest
§ Little/few______less/fewer________least/fewest
§ Much/many____more____________most
§ Good/well_____better____________best
§ Bad/badly_____worse____________worst

2. Akhiran –er/-est pada comparative dan superlatives digunakan apabila jumlah  suku kata pada adjectives/adverb kurang dari 2 suku kata. Apabila suku kata lebih dari 2, maka digunakan awalan more/ the most.
Contoh:
§ Smart_______smarter________the smartest
§ Beautiful_____more beautiful___the most beautiful

3. Tetapi, apabila adjective/adverb diakhiri dengan akhiran; -some, -le, -er, -ow, dan -y, dalam pemakaian formal, meskipun lebih dari 2 suku kata tetap diakhiri dengan –er/-est.
contoh:
§ Handsome___bisa more handsome/handsomer
§ Simple_________simpler
§ Clever_________cleverer/more clever
§ Narrow________narrower
§ Happy_________happierPROSET
1. 1. Her brother is…his brother
a. cleverer than
b. more cleverer than
c. clever than
d. the cleverest than
e. cleverer from

2. He speaks …as his father
a. more clearly
b. clearer
c. as clearly
d. the most clearly
e. as clear

3. “What do you think of those shirts?”
“I think the red one…than the others”
a. suitabler
b. more suitabler
c. more suitable
d. the most suitabler
e. as suitable

4. Mr. Umar is a teacher with …explanation
a. as clear as
b. so clear as
c. the clearest
d. more clear than
e. clear

5. Zubaidah answers the questions given by the     teacher…than Zamilah
a. quicker
b. quickly
c. quick
d. more quickly
e. the most quickly

6. Rommi is a diligent student. He always     studies…than I do
a. harder
b. more
c. more hard
d. more hardly
e. hardlier

7. My father is …considerate than my uncle.
a. most
b. more
c. as…as
d. so
e. too

8. Mr. Jaja has four sons and couple of daughters.
It means…
a. he has more sons than daughters
b. he has fewer sons than daughters
c. his daughter are more than his sons
d. he has daughter as many as sons
e. His daughters are not beautiful.

9. “I want to go to Palembang by train but I don’t       have enough money to take executive class.
“why don’t you take the economic class?, it       is….but it is cheaper than executive.
a. better
b. worse
c. worst
d. as bad as
e. more worse

10. “I think Tv program is….than Radio”
“I agree with you. It has audio and visual system”
a. less interesting
b. more interesting
c. as interesting as
d. the most interesting
e. worse

11. Andy’s book costs Rp.2000
Budi’s book costs Rp.3000
Rudi’s book costs Rp. 1000
a. Budi’s book is the cheapest
b. Rudi’s book is the most expensive
c. Andi’s book is cheaper than Rudi’s
d. Rudi’s book is more expensive than Bui’s
e. Rudi’s book is the cheapest of all

12. My house is…than yours
a. far
b. further
c. more further
d. the furthest
e. as far

13. “I think Taufiq will be the champion of the       championship”
“Yes. He played…than before yesterday”
a. careful
b. carefully
c. more careful
d. more carefully
e. very carefully

14. “I like this radio. The programs are interesting”
“I know. It is good. But Galaxy radio is…
a. as good as
b. better
c. the best
d. good
e. more good

15. “We are in a hurry. How should we go  there?”
“I think motorcycle will be better. It is…
a. fast
b. fastest
c. the fast
d. faster
e. more fast

16. Santi is 160cm. Nova is 165cm. Arman is163.
It means…
a. Arman is taller than Nova
b. Santi is taller than Arman
c. Santi is the tallest
d. Nova is taller than Santi
e. Santi is as tall as Nova

17. I have practiced a lot this year. I am sure I can dance….than she does
a. more beautiful
b. beautifully
c. as beautiful
d. beautifully
e. more beautifully
18. He seemed…when he heard about the news this time than before.
a. more happy
b. more happily
c. happy
d. happier
e. with happiness

19. I like both gowns, but the white one is…than  other
a. beautiful than
b. more beautiful than
c. as beautiful as
d. the most beautiful
e. more beautifully

20. Who comes …? Usman or yusuf?
a. earlier
b. the earliest
c. as early as
d. the early
e. early

21. The more you got problem answers …you
      will understand this chapter.
a. the well
b. the best
c. the better
d. the good
e. the worse

22. The more beautiful she is….she acts.
a. the more arrogant
b. the arrogant
c. arrogantly
d. the most arrogantly
e. the more arrogantly

23. ….he can answer those questions, the better
     the result will be.
a. the soon
b. the soonest
c. the sooner
d. the soon as
e. the better

24. The more he got the champion …he got the
      money.
a. the more
b. many
c. more
d. much
e. the most

25. I have talked to …girl I have ever met.
a. very kindest
b. the most kindest
c. a kind
d. kinder
e. the kindest




Dan kami turunkan besi, di dalamnya ada kekuatan yang besar dan bermanfaat untuk manusia, ……’


A. FLASHLIGHT
Passive voice yaitu suatu bentuk kalimat dimana subject tidak melakukan tindakan namun dikenai tindakan. Yang perlu dipahami adalah bahwasanya antara kalimat active yang diubah menjadi kalimat passive tidak mengubah arti kalimat. Selain itu, hanya kalimat yang berobjek atau “Transitive Verbs” yang bisa diubah menjadi kalimat pasif yaitu dengan cara menempatkan subjek kalimat aktif menjadi objek pada kalimat pasif ataupun sebaliknya, menempatkan objek kalimat pasif menjadi subjek pada kalimat pasif.

B. SUMMARY
1. Basic Pattern of Passive:  TO BE  +  V3

2. Active :  S V         O


   Passive : S    TO BE + V3   by O

3. TO BE:
§ Present tense : IS, AM, ARE
§ Past tense : WAS, WERE
§ Future/after modal : BE
§ Perfect (have,has, had) : BEEN
§ Continuous : BEING

Perhatikan beberapa contoh berikut:

Simple present
a. Active : he repairs the bicycle
b. Passive : the bicycle is repaired by him.

Simple Past
a. Active : I left the book on the table yesterday
b. Passive : the book was left on the table yesterday

Present Perfect
a. Active : they have already finished the job
b. Passive : the job has already been finished by them
Present Continuous
a. Active : he is polishing the shoes now
b. Passive : the shoes are being polished by him now

After Modal
a. Active : he will paint the doors
b. Passive : the doors will be painted by him

Kalimat a dan b pada masing-masing contoh di atas bermakna sama.


DIRECT and INDIRECT OBJECT
Sebuah kalimat yang mempunyai dua buah objek sekaligus yaitu Direct Object/DO (biasanya benda) dan Indirect Object /IO(biasanya orang), harus berpola :

a. S + V + IO + DO
Contoh :
My father gives me a book.
The passive form is : I am given a book by my father

b. S  +  V  +  DO  for/to   IO
Contoh :
My father gives a book for me
The passive form is : A book is given for me by my father

PROSET
01. 01. this gun…in Birmingham
(A) was be made
(B) were made
(C) make
(D) made
(E) was made

02. “How old is the mosque?”
“Well, it…in 1870”.
(A) built    
(B) to be built
(C) was built    
(D) had built
(E) had been building

03. “Joko looks very happy today”
“Don’t you know, he…to General Manager”
(A) has promoted
(B) to be promoted
(C) being promoted
(D) has to promote
(E) has been promoted

04. The book ... and I understand it now.
(A) will be read
(B) will have been read
(C) was read
(D) had been read
(E) has been read

05. “Hasn’t she submitted her report yet?”
“I don’t think so. It…
(A) be printing
(B) is printing        
(C) being printed
(D) to be printed
(E) is being printed

06. The patient ... by the doctor at this time tomorrow.
(A) will be operated
(B) will be being operated
(C) will have been operated
(D) will have been being operated
(E) will be operating

07. The tiger ... in the cage in our zoo for two years.
(A) will be put
(B) has been put
(C) is put                    
(D) had been put
(E) was put

08. America ... four hundred years ago.
(A) discovered
(B) will be discovered
(C) had discovered
(D) was discovered
(E) was being discovered

09. We like Mr. Dhany very much. We ... English by him for three years.
(A) are teaching
(B) have been taught
(C) have been teaching            
(D) have taught                    
(E) were being taught

10. The monument over there ... in 1965.
(A) built
(B) were built
(C) is built                  
(D) was being built.
(E) was built

11. The furniture ... when we arrived.
(A) sold
(B) had been sold
(C) is sold            
(D) is being sold
(E) has been sold

12. Before I came, my television ... by the thief.
(A) stole
(B) had been stolen
(C) steals            
(D) stealing
(E) has been stolen

13. His antique motor car ... two months ago.
(A) is sold
(B) had been sold
(C) was sold              
(D) will be sold
(E) has been sold

14. They took the children to the park. We can also say ....
(A) The children are taken to the park.
(B) The children were taken to the park.
(C) They are taken to the park.
(D) They were taken the children to the park.
(E) The children were taken to the park by them.

15. They are building a new garage near here. That sentence is the same meaning as....
(A) Here is being built by them.
(B) A new garage is building by them here.
(C) A new garage is being built by them near here.
(D) A new garage is being built near here.
(E) A new garage was being built near here.

16. "Nobody can do such a thing."
The passive form is…
(A) Such a thing can be done by anybody.
(B) A thing can be done by anybody.
(C) A such thing can be done by somebody.
(D) Such   a   thing   can't   be   done   by somebody
(E) Such a thing can't be done by anybody.

17. they had just been living in that house for two years when it…by fire
(A) destroyed
(B) had destroyed
(C) was destroyed
(D) be destroyed
(E) was destroying

18. She has picked some flowers.
The passive voice of the above sentence is…
(A) Some flowers have been picked.
(B) Some flowers have picked.
(C) She has been picked.
(D) She was picked by some flowers.
(E) Some flowers picked her.

19. The letter is short, it can  ...  in three minutes.
(A) write
(B) be written
(C) wrote                    
(D) is written
(E) to write

20. The general election…next month
(A) is held
(B) will be held
(C) has been held
(D) is being held
(E) was being held

21. I shall leave the key under the mat. We can also say....
(A) I shall be leave the key under the mat.
(B) I shall be left the key under the mat.
(C) The key shall be leave under the mat.
(D) The key shall left under the mat.
(E) The key shall be left by me under the mat.

22. The wedding party ... in "Horizon Hotel" now.
(A) is celebrated
(B) is being celebrated
(C) was celebrated
(D) has been celebrated    
(E) has been being celebrated

23. The letter ... by Tommy last week.
(A) is received
(B) was received
(C) has been received
(D) had been received
(E) will have been received

24. The robbers ... to death last week.
(A) were shot
(B) have been shot
(C) are shot
(D) had been shot
(E) will be shot



25. Jana    :   "You're not driving your
                     car."
      Yana   :   "No…”
(A) It's repaired.
(B) It was repaired.
(C) It's been repaired.
(D) It's being repaired.
(E) It will have been repaired.

26. Yesterday they ... to do all chapters.
(A) have been asked  
(B) had been asked
(C) were asked
(D) are asked
(E) was asked

27. She ... this time tomorrow.
(A) will be operated on
(B) will have been operated on
(C) will be being operated on
(D) will being operated
(E) is operated on

28. The tiger ... in the cage for one year.
(A) has been kept      
(B) was kept
(C) was being kept    
(D) have been kept
(E) has be kept

29. My uncle's house ... last night.
(A) has been broken into
(B) was being broken into
(C) had been broken into
(D) were broken into
(E) was broken into

30. The book ... for two weeks.
(A) is borrow
(B) has been borrowed
(C) have been borrowed
(D) has borrowed            
(E) have been borrow


Rosulullah SAW bersabda: Mengulur-ulur waktu pembayaran utang bagi yang mampu adalah suatu kezaliman, dan apabila utang mu
dialihkan kepada orang kaya, terimalah’
(HR. Muslim)

A.  FLASHLIGHT
Direct Speech: Kalimat langsung, yaitu sebuah kalimat yang berasal dari kutipan asli (“…”) dari pembicaraan atau pendapat seseorang, tanpa mengalami perubahan.

Indirect Speech : Kalimat laporan atau tidak langsung, yaitu bentuk kalimat penyampaian kembali tentang pembicaraan atau pendapat seseorang tanpa penekanan pada kata-kata persis atau asli dari si pembicara namun tidak mengubah isi makna.

Karena “indirect speech” adalah kalimat yang melaporkan kembali tentang suatu peristtiwa maka waktu kejadian atau tenses haruslah berubah lebih lampau dari kalimat aslinya. Namun, perubahan tenses hanya akan terjadi jika introductory verbs berbentuk PAST, sedangkan jika introductory verbs berbentuk present maka tenses tidak berubah atau tetap. Yang perlu diingat adalah di dalam “indirect Speech” terjadi berbagai perubahan dalam struktur kalimat, tenses, kata ganti, keterangan waktu dan juga keterangan tempat.

INTRODUCTORY VERBS (Reporting Verbs)
Yaitu bentuk kata kerja pengantar kalimat laporan yang telah diucapkan seseorang, misalnya say (said), tell (told), explain (explained), ask (asked), etc.

B. SUMMARY
Ada tiga perubahan yang harus dilakukan untuk membuat kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung:\

1. PERUBAHAN TENSES

Prinsip perubahan tenses:

                           Present …     Past … Past perfect


had V3
would have V3
had been
had V3
etc.
V2
would V1
was/were
had V3
etc
V1
will V1
am/is/are
have/has V3
etc
Example :





PRESENT … pada direct speech akan berubah menjadi PAST … di dalam indirect speech dan  PAST …di dalam direct speech akan berubah menjadi PAST PERFECT … di dalam indirect.  Sedangkan jika direct-nya berbentuk PAST PERFECT …. maka tenses TETAP PAST PERFECT.

2.  PERUBAHAN KET TEMPAT DAN WAKTU


Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Now
Today
Yesterday
….ago
Last…..
Tomorrow
Next….
This
Here Then
That day
The day before/ the previous day
…..before
The previous….
The day after/ the next day/ the following day
The following….
That
There


3. PERUBAHAN PRONOUN (KATA GANTI)

Perubahan pada kata ganti erat kaitannya dengan konteks siapa yang berbicara (subject) beserta kata gantinya, siapa yang dituju beserta kata gantinya, kata ganti kepunyaan, dll.

Example :
Direct Speech : “Jack will go to Jakarta”, Andi says
Indirect Speech : Andi says that Jack will go to Jakarta.
Indirect Speech : Andi said that Jack would go to Jakarta

Direct Speech : “My daughter is coming this week.” A lady explained.
Indirect speech : A lady explained that her daughter was coming that week.

Direct Speech : John said: “My sister died a year ago.”
Indirect Speech : John said that his sister had died a year before.

4. PERUBAHAN STRUKTUR KALIMAT

Perubahan struktur kalimat hanya terjadi pada kalimat tanya, kalimat perintah, dan kalimat larangan.

a. Kalimat Tanya
Struktur kalimat tanya di dalam direct harus berpola kalimat positif di dalam indirect.
· YES/NO QUESTION
Direct Speech : AUXILLIARY + S + V/P
Indirect Speech : IF/WHETHER + S + AUXILLIARY/V

Example :
Direct : “Are you OK? “, Asked Mina to Anton.
Indirect : Mina asked Anton if/whether he was OK.

· WH-QUESTIONS
Direct speech : WH-Questions + AUX + S + V
Indirect Speech : WH-Questions + S + AUX/V

Example :
Direct : “What will you do tomorrow?” Asked Rony
Indirect : Rony asked me what I would do the day after.

b. Kalimat Perintah/Imperative/Command
Di bagian ini tidak berlaku perubahan tenses, karena kalimat perintah hanya memakai pola infinitive (V1).

Cara merubah direct ke indirect untuk Kalimat perintah tinggal kita sisipkan “TO V1”

Example :
Direct : “Bring this bag inside!” asked my mother.
Indirect : My mother asked me to bring that bag inside.

c. Kalimat larangan/prohibition
Di bagian ini juga tidak berlaku perubahan tenses, karena kalimat larangan hanya  pola Don’t V1.
Cara merubah direct ke indirect untuk Kalimat perintah tinggal kita sisipkan “NOT TO V1”

Example :
Direct : “Don’t make me angry!” father warned me.
Indirect : Father warned me not to make him angry.
PROSET
1. He said to me, “what are you doing now?”
He asked me….
(A) What you are doing now
(B) What were you doing now
(C) What was I doing then
(D) What I was doing then
(E) What am I doing now

2. “It will be a wonderful trip.” Ani told them.
We can say “: Ani told them that it…wonderful trip
(A) was
(B) will be
(C) would be
(D) will have been
(E) would have been

3. “Did Hasan decide to study hard?”
“Yes, he told me…..
(A) he had decided to study hard
(B) he decided to study hard
(C) that he had decided to study hard
(D) that he decided to study hard
(E) if he had decided to study hard

4. I forget to ask….
(A) Why the boys were absent
(B) If the boys absent
(C) When were the boys absent
(D) That the boys were absent
(E) Were the boys absent

5. Mery asked me whether ... you for a long time.
(A) I knows
(B) I had know
(C) I know
(D) I am knowing
(E) I had known

6. My mother requested us ... home early.
(A) to returning
(B) returns
(C) return
(D) to return
(E) returned

7. Catherine said,' I know those two girls quite well'.
Catherine said that she.....those two girls quite well.
(A) have know
(B) knowing
(C) has knew
(D) has known
(E) knew

8. 08. "Where did you put my umbrella?" my aunt asked
My aunt asked me where.....umbrella.
(A) I had putted her  
(B) I had put her
(C) she had put her  
(D) I have put her
(E) I had put my                    

9. My teacher advised me ... more books and magazines.
(A) to read
(B) read
(C) to reading
(D) to have read
(E) to reads
10. The engineers warned us ... on the wires.
(A) not to stepping    
(B) not to stepped
(C) not step
(D) not stepping
(E) not to step

11. My friend asked whether he ... later that day.
(A) can visit me
(B) could visiting to me
(C) can visit me
(D) can visited me
(E) could visit me

12. The boys told their teacher, 'Please don't set us a test'.
The boys begged teacher ... a test
(A) not to set them      
(B) don't set them
(C) not to setting us    
(D) not set they
(E) not to set us.

13. 'Give me the money or I'll shoot you', the robber told the cashier.
The robber threatened.....the money.
(A) shoot the cashier if she doesn't give him
(B) shooting the cashier if the not give to him
(C) to shoot the cashier if she will not give him
(D) to shoot the cashier unless she gave him
(E) to shoot the cashier if she not give him

14. 'I will tell you a secret', my friend whispered.
My friend said that he.....
(A) would whisper to me secretly
(B) will tell me a secret.
(C) would tell me a secret
(D) was telling me a secret
(E) is telling me a secret

15. The guard wanted to know.....a pass.
(A) did I have
(B) has I got        
(C) do 1 have              
(D) have I got
(E) if I had

16. 'Did you enjoy your trip to Jakarta?’
The headmas­ter asked me.
The headmaster asked me.....to Jakarta.
(A) If I enjoy my trip
(B) if my trip was enjoying
(C) to enjoy my trip
(D) have I enjoy my trip
(E) if had enjoyed my trip

17. 17. Tuti asked us, 'Have you seen that film yet?"
Tuti inquired whether we.....that film.
(A) would be seeing  
(B) had seen
(C) we could see
(D) wanted to see
(E) were seeing


18. 'Please help me', the old man begged me.
The old man.....
(A) begs me for helping him
(B) beg me to helping him
(C) begged me to help him.
(D) begging me to helped him
(E) begged me to help he

19. 'Do you have any minced meat?" the lady asked the butcher.
The lady asked butcher whether he ...... any minced meat.
(A) has
(B) have
(C) having    
(D) had
(E) is having

20. 'Go by bus. Don't take a taxi', my friend said.
I was advised by my friend.....a taxi
(A) to go by bus and not taken
(B) going by bus, not in
(C) to go by bus and not to take
(D) go by bus and not by  
(E) to go by bus and not taking

21. John asked me, “Why did those visitors leave so early?”
John asked me why the visitors.....so early.
(A) have been leaving
(B) leaving
(C) have left
(D) was left
(E) had left

22. He said that he.....to Bali.
(A) have never been  
(B) had never been
(C) never been
(D) had no been
(E) has never being.

23. 'I told the police the truth about the accident', the motorist repeated.
The motorist repeated that he.....the truth about the accident.
(A) have tell
(B) had tell
(C) had telling
(D) had told
(E) have tells

24. 'Don't do that again', the teacher.... Hamid.
(A) warned
(B) hoped
(C) wished    
(D) said
(E) thanked                                                

25. The officer said to us, 'Don't come back before ten o'clock'.
We were told by the officer.....come back before ten o'clock.
(A) don't
(B) not
(C) we not to
(D) no can
(E) not to Sumber: http://nurmanali.blogspot.com/